femtolisp/femtolisp/system.lsp

; -*- scheme -*-
; femtoLisp standard library
; by Jeff Bezanson (C) 2009
; Distributed under the BSD License

(if (not (bound? '*syntax-environment*))
    (define *syntax-environment* (table)))

(define (set-syntax! s v) (put! *syntax-environment* s v))
(define (symbol-syntax s) (get *syntax-environment* s #f))

(define-macro (define-macro form . body)
  `(set-syntax! ',(car form)
		(lambda ,(cdr form) ,@body)))

(define-macro (label name fn)
  `((lambda (,name) (set! ,name ,fn)) #f))

(define (map f lst . lsts)
  (define (map1 f lst acc)
    (cdr
     (prog1 acc
      (while (pair? lst)
	     (begin (set! acc
			  (cdr (set-cdr! acc (cons (f (car lst)) ()))))
		    (set! lst (cdr lst)))))))
  (define (mapn f lsts)
    (if (null? (car lsts))
	()
	(cons (apply f (map1 car lsts (list ())))
	      (mapn  f (map1 cdr lsts (list ()))))))
  (if (null? lsts)
      (map1 f lst (list ()))
      (mapn f (cons lst lsts))))

(define-macro (let binds . body)
  (let (lname)
    (if (symbol? binds)
	(begin (set! lname binds)
	       (set! binds (car body))
	       (set! body (cdr body))))
    (let ((thelambda
	   `(lambda ,(map (lambda (c) (if (pair? c) (car c) c))
			  binds)
	      ,@body))
	  (theargs
	   (map (lambda (c) (if (pair? c) (cadr c) #f)) binds)))
      (cons (if lname
		`(label ,lname ,thelambda)
		thelambda)
	    theargs))))

(define-macro (letrec binds . body)
  `((lambda ,(map car binds)
      ,.(map (lambda (b) `(set! ,@b)) binds)
      ,@body)
    ,.(map (lambda (x) #f) binds)))

(define-macro (cond . clauses)
  (define (cond-clauses->if lst)
    (if (atom? lst)
	#f
	(let ((clause (car lst)))
	  (if (or (eq? (car clause) 'else)
		  (eq? (car clause) #t))
	      (if (null? (cdr clause))
		  (car clause)
		  (cons 'begin (cdr clause)))
	      (if (null? (cdr clause))
		  ; test by itself
		  (list 'or
			(car clause)
			(cond-clauses->if (cdr lst)))
		  (list 'if
			(car clause)
			(cons 'begin (cdr clause))
			(cond-clauses->if (cdr lst))))))))
  (cond-clauses->if clauses))

; standard procedures ---------------------------------------------------------

(define (member item lst)
  (cond ((atom? lst) #f)
        ((equal?     (car lst) item) lst)
        (#t          (member item (cdr lst)))))
(define (memv item lst)
  (cond ((atom? lst) #f)
        ((eqv?       (car lst) item) lst)
        (#t          (memv item (cdr lst)))))

(define (assoc item lst)
  (cond ((atom? lst) #f)
	((equal?     (caar lst) item) (car lst))
	(#t          (assoc item (cdr lst)))))
(define (assv item lst)
  (cond ((atom? lst) #f)
	((eqv?       (caar lst) item) (car lst))
	(#t          (assv item (cdr lst)))))

(define (/= a b) (not (= a b)))
(define (>  a b) (< b a))
(define (<= a b) (or (< a b) (= a b)))
(define (>= a b) (or (< b a) (= a b)))
(define (negative? x) (< x 0))
(define (zero? x)     (= x 0))
(define (positive? x) (> x 0))
(define (even? x) (= (logand x 1) 0))
(define (odd? x) (not (even? x)))
(define (identity x) x)
(define (1+ n) (+ n 1))
(define (1- n) (- n 1))
(define (mod0 x y) (- x (* (div0 x y) y)))
(define (div x y) (+ (div0 x y)
		     (or (and (< x 0)
			      (or (and (< y 0) 1)
				  -1))
			 0)))
(define (mod x y) (- x (* (div x y) y)))
(define quotient div0)
(define remainder mod0)
(define (random n)
  (if (integer? n)
      (mod (rand) n)
      (* (rand.double) n)))
(define (abs x)   (if (< x 0) (- x) x))
(define (max x0 . xs)
  (if (null? xs) x0
      (foldl (lambda (a b) (if (< a b) b a)) x0 xs)))
(define (min x0 . xs)
  (if (null? xs) x0
      (foldl (lambda (a b) (if (< a b) a b)) x0 xs)))
(define (char? x) (eq? (typeof x) 'wchar))
(define (array? x) (or (vector? x)
		       (let ((t (typeof x)))
			 (and (pair? t) (eq? (car t) 'array)))))
(define (closure? x) (and (function? x) (not (builtin? x))))

(define (caar x) (car (car x)))
(define (cadr x) (car (cdr x)))
(define (cdar x) (cdr (car x)))
(define (cddr x) (cdr (cdr x)))
(define (caaar x) (car (car (car x))))
(define (caadr x) (car (car (cdr x))))
(define (cadar x) (car (cdr (car x))))
(define (caddr x) (car (cdr (cdr x))))
(define (cdaar x) (cdr (car (car x))))
(define (cdadr x) (cdr (car (cdr x))))
(define (cddar x) (cdr (cdr (car x))))
(define (cdddr x) (cdr (cdr (cdr x))))
(define (caaaar x) (car (car (car (car x)))))
(define (caaadr x) (car (car (car (cdr x)))))
(define (caadar x) (car (car (cdr (car x)))))
(define (caaddr x) (car (car (cdr (cdr x)))))
(define (cadaar x) (car (cdr (car (car x)))))
(define (cadadr x) (car (cdr (car (cdr x)))))
(define (caddar x) (car (cdr (cdr (car x)))))
(define (cadddr x) (car (cdr (cdr (cdr x)))))
(define (cdaaar x) (cdr (car (car (car x)))))
(define (cdaadr x) (cdr (car (car (cdr x)))))
(define (cdadar x) (cdr (car (cdr (car x)))))
(define (cdaddr x) (cdr (car (cdr (cdr x)))))
(define (cddaar x) (cdr (cdr (car (car x)))))
(define (cddadr x) (cdr (cdr (car (cdr x)))))
(define (cdddar x) (cdr (cdr (cdr (car x)))))
(define (cddddr x) (cdr (cdr (cdr (cdr x)))))

(let ((*values* (list '*values*)))
  (set! values
	(lambda vs
	  (if (and (pair? vs) (null? (cdr vs)))
	      (car vs)
	      (cons *values* vs))))
  (set! call-with-values
	(lambda (producer consumer)
	  (let ((res (producer)))
	    (if (and (pair? res) (eq? *values* (car res)))
		(apply consumer (cdr res))
		(consumer res))))))

; list utilities --------------------------------------------------------------

(define (every pred lst)
  (or (atom? lst)
      (and (pred (car lst))
           (every pred (cdr lst)))))

(define (any pred lst)
  (and (pair? lst)
       (or (pred (car lst))
           (any pred (cdr lst)))))

(define (list? a) (or (null? a) (and (pair? a) (list? (cdr a)))))

(define (list-tail lst n)
  (if (<= n 0) lst
      (list-tail (cdr lst) (- n 1))))

(define (list-head lst n)
  (if (<= n 0) ()
      (cons (car lst)
	    (list-head (cdr lst) (- n 1)))))

(define (list-ref lst n)
  (car (list-tail lst n)))

; bounded length test
; use this instead of (= (length lst) n), since it avoids unnecessary
; work and always terminates.
(define (length= lst n)
  (cond ((< n 0)     #f)
	((= n 0)     (atom? lst))
	((atom? lst) (= n 0))
	(else        (length= (cdr lst) (- n 1)))))

(define (length> lst n)
  (cond ((< n 0)     lst)
	((= n 0)     (and (pair? lst) lst))
	((atom? lst) (< n 0))
	(else        (length> (cdr lst) (- n 1)))))

(define (last-pair l)
  (if (atom? (cdr l))
      l
      (last-pair (cdr l))))

(define (lastcdr l)
  (if (atom? l)
      l
      (cdr (last-pair l))))

(define (to-proper l)
  (cond ((null? l) l)
	((atom? l) (list l))
	(else (cons (car l) (to-proper (cdr l))))))

(define (map! f lst)
  (prog1 lst
	 (while (pair? lst)
		(set-car! lst (f (car lst)))
		(set! lst (cdr lst)))))

(define (filter pred lst)
  (define (filter- f lst acc)
    (cdr
     (prog1 acc
      (while (pair? lst)
	     (begin (if (pred (car lst))
			(set! acc
			      (cdr (set-cdr! acc (cons (car lst) ())))))
		    (set! lst (cdr lst)))))))
  (filter- pred lst (list ())))

(define separate
  (letrec ((separate-
	    (lambda (pred lst yes no)
	      (cond ((null? lst) (cons yes no))
		    ((pred (car lst))
		     (separate- pred (cdr lst) (cons (car lst) yes) no))
		    (#t
		     (separate- pred (cdr lst) yes (cons (car lst) no)))))))
    (lambda (pred lst) (separate- pred lst () ()))))

(define (count f l)
  (define (count- f l n)
    (if (null? l)
	n
	(count- f (cdr l) (if (f (car l))
			      (+ n 1)
			      n))))
  (count- f l 0))

(define (nestlist f zero n)
  (if (<= n 0) ()
      (cons zero (nestlist f (f zero) (- n 1)))))

(define (foldr f zero lst)
  (if (null? lst) zero
    (f (car lst) (foldr f zero (cdr lst)))))

(define (foldl f zero lst)
  (if (null? lst) zero
    (foldl f (f (car lst) zero) (cdr lst))))

(define (reverse lst) (foldl cons () lst))

(define (reverse! l)
  (let ((prev ()))
    (while (pair? l)
	   (set! l (prog1 (cdr l)
			  (set-cdr! l (prog1 prev
					     (set! prev l))))))
    prev))

(define (copy-tree l)
  (if (atom? l) l
    (cons (copy-tree (car l))
          (copy-tree (cdr l)))))

(define (delete-duplicates lst)
  (if (atom? lst)
      lst
      (let ((elt  (car lst))
	    (tail (cdr lst)))
	(if (member elt tail)
	    (delete-duplicates tail)
	    (cons elt
		  (delete-duplicates tail))))))

; backquote -------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (revappend l1 l2) (nconc (reverse  l1) l2))
(define (nreconc   l1 l2) (nconc (reverse! l1) l2))

(define (self-evaluating? x)
  (or (and (atom? x)
           (not (symbol? x)))
      (and (constant? x)
	   (symbol? x)
           (eq x (top-level-value x)))))

(define-macro (backquote x) (bq-process x))

(define (bq-process x)
  (define (splice-form? x)
    (or (and (pair? x) (or (eq (car x) '*comma-at*)
			   (eq (car x) '*comma-dot*)))
	(eq x '*comma*)))
  ; bracket without splicing
  (define (bq-bracket1 x)
    (if (and (pair? x) (eq (car x) '*comma*))
	(cadr x)
	(bq-process x)))
  (cond ((self-evaluating? x)
         (if (vector? x)
             (let ((body (bq-process (vector->list x))))
               (if (eq (car body) 'list)
                   (cons vector (cdr body))
                 (list apply vector body)))
           x))
        ((atom? x)                    (list 'quote x))
        ((eq (car x) 'backquote)      (bq-process (bq-process (cadr x))))
        ((eq (car x) '*comma*)        (cadr x))
        ((not (any splice-form? x))
         (let ((lc    (lastcdr x))
               (forms (map bq-bracket1 x)))
           (if (null? lc)
               (cons 'list forms)
             (nconc (cons 'list* forms) (list (bq-process lc))))))
        (#t (let ((p x) (q ()))
	      (while (and (pair? p)
			  (not (eq (car p) '*comma*)))
		     (set! q (cons (bq-bracket (car p)) q))
		     (set! p (cdr p)))
	      (let ((forms
		     (cond ((pair? p) (nreconc q (list (cadr p))))
			   ((null? p)  (reverse! q))
			   (#t        (nreconc q (list (bq-process p)))))))
		(if (null? (cdr forms))
		    (car forms)
		    (cons 'nconc forms)))))))

(define (bq-bracket x)
  (cond ((atom? x)                  (list list (bq-process x)))
        ((eq (car x) '*comma*)      (list list (cadr x)))
        ((eq (car x) '*comma-at*)   (list 'copy-list (cadr x)))
        ((eq (car x) '*comma-dot*)  (cadr x))
        (#t                         (list list (bq-process x)))))

; standard macros -------------------------------------------------------------

(define (quote-value v)
  (if (self-evaluating? v)
      v
      (list 'quote v)))

(define-macro (let* binds . body)
  (if (atom? binds) `((lambda () ,@body))
      `((lambda (,(caar binds))
	  ,@(if (pair? (cdr binds))
		`((let* ,(cdr binds) ,@body))
		body))
	,(cadar binds))))

(define-macro (when   c . body) (list 'if c (cons 'begin body) #f))
(define-macro (unless c . body) (list 'if c #f (cons 'begin body)))

(define-macro (case key . clauses)
  (define (vals->cond key v)
    (cond ((eq? v 'else)   'else)
	  ((null? v)       #f)
	  ((symbol? v)     `(eq?  ,key ,(quote-value v)))
          ((atom? v)       `(eqv? ,key ,(quote-value v)))
	  ((null? (cdr v)) `(eqv? ,key ,(quote-value (car v))))
	  ((every symbol? v)
	                   `(memq ,key ',v))
	  (else            `(memv ,key ',v))))
  (let ((g (gensym)))
    `(let ((,g ,key))
       (cond ,.(map (lambda (clause)
		      (cons (vals->cond g (car clause))
			    (cdr clause)))
		    clauses)))))

(define-macro (do vars test-spec . commands)
  (let ((loop (gensym))
	(test-expr (car test-spec))
	(vars  (map car  vars))
	(inits (map cadr vars))
	(steps (map (lambda (x)
		      (if (pair? (cddr x))
			  (caddr x)
			  (car x)))
		    vars)))
    `(letrec ((,loop (lambda ,vars
		       (if ,test-expr
			   (begin
			     ,@(cdr test-spec))
			   (begin
			     ,@commands
			     (,loop ,.steps))))))
       (,loop ,.inits))))

; SRFI 8
(define-macro (receive formals expr . body)
  `(call-with-values (lambda () ,expr)
     (lambda ,formals ,@body)))

(define-macro (dotimes var . body)
  (let ((v (car var))
        (cnt (cadr var)))
    `(for 0 (- ,cnt 1)
          (lambda (,v) ,@body))))

(define (map-int f n)
  (if (<= n 0)
      ()
    (let ((first (cons (f 0) ()))
          (acc ()))
      (set! acc first)
      (for 1 (- n 1)
           (lambda (i)
             (begin (set-cdr! acc (cons (f i) ()))
                    (set! acc (cdr acc)))))
      first)))

(define (iota n) (map-int identity n))

(define (for-each f l)
  (if (pair? l)
      (begin (f (car l))
	     (for-each f (cdr l)))
      #t))

(define-macro (with-bindings binds . body)
  (let ((vars (map car binds))
	(vals (map cadr binds))
	(olds (map (lambda (x) (gensym)) binds)))
    `(let ,(map list olds vars)
       ,@(map (lambda (v val) `(set! ,v ,val)) vars vals)
       (unwind-protect
	(begin ,@body)
	(begin ,@(map (lambda (v old) `(set! ,v ,old)) vars olds))))))

; exceptions ------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (error . args) (raise (cons 'error args)))

(define-macro (throw tag value) `(raise (list 'thrown-value ,tag ,value)))
(define-macro (catch tag expr)
  (let ((e (gensym)))
    `(trycatch ,expr
               (lambda (,e) (if (and (pair? ,e)
                                     (eq (car  ,e) 'thrown-value)
                                     (eq (cadr ,e) ,tag))
                                (caddr ,e)
				(raise ,e))))))

(define-macro (unwind-protect expr finally)
  (let ((e   (gensym))
	(thk (gensym)))
    `(let ((,thk (lambda () ,finally)))
       (prog1 (trycatch ,expr
			(lambda (,e) (begin (,thk) (raise ,e))))
	      (,thk)))))

; debugging utilities ---------------------------------------------------------

(define-macro (assert expr) `(if ,expr #t (raise '(assert-failed ,expr))))

(define traced?
  (letrec ((sample-traced-lambda (lambda args (begin (println (cons 'x args))
						     (apply #.apply args)))))
    (lambda (f)
      (equal? (function:code f)
	      (function:code sample-traced-lambda)))))

(define (trace sym)
  (let* ((func (top-level-value sym))
	 (args (gensym)))
    (if (not (traced? func))
	(set-top-level-value! sym
			      (eval
			       `(lambda ,args
				  (begin (println (cons ',sym ,args))
					 (apply ',func ,args)))))))
  'ok)

(define (untrace sym)
  (let ((func (top-level-value sym)))
    (if (traced? func)
	(set-top-level-value! sym
			      (aref (function:vals func) 2)))))

(define-macro (time expr)
  (let ((t0 (gensym)))
    `(let ((,t0 (time.now)))
       (prog1
	,expr
	(princ "Elapsed time: " (- (time.now) ,t0) " seconds\n")))))

; text I/O --------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (print . args) (for-each write args))
(define (princ . args)
  (with-bindings ((*print-readably* #f))
		 (for-each write args)))

(define (newline) (princ *linefeed*) #t)
(define (display x (port *output-stream*))
  (with-output-to port (princ x))
  #t)
(define (println . args) (prog1 (apply print args) (newline)))

(define (io.readline s) (io.readuntil s #\linefeed))

; call f on a stream until the stream runs out of data
(define (read-all-of f s)
  (let loop ((lines ())
	     (curr  (f s)))
    (if (io.eof? s)
	(reverse! lines)
	(loop (cons curr lines) (f s)))))

(define (io.readlines s) (read-all-of io.readline s))
(define (read-all s) (read-all-of read s))

(define (io.readall s)
  (let ((b (buffer)))
    (io.copy b s)
    (io.tostring! b)))

(define-macro (with-output-to stream . body)
  `(with-bindings ((*output-stream* ,stream))
		  ,@body))

(define (with-output-to-file name thunk)
  (let ((f (file name :write :create :truncate)))
    (unwind-protect
     (with-bindings ((*output-stream* f))
		    (thunk))
     (io.close f))))

; vector functions ------------------------------------------------------------

(define (list->vector l) (apply vector l))
(define (vector->list v)
  (let ((n (length v))
        (l ()))
    (for 1 n
         (lambda (i)
           (set! l (cons (aref v (- n i)) l))))
    l))

(define (vector.map f v)
  (let* ((n (length v))
         (nv (vector.alloc n)))
    (for 0 (- n 1)
         (lambda (i)
           (aset! nv i (f (aref v i)))))
    nv))

; table functions -------------------------------------------------------------

(define (table.pairs t)
  (table.foldl (lambda (k v z) (cons (cons k v) z))
               () t))
(define (table.keys t)
  (table.foldl (lambda (k v z) (cons k z))
               () t))
(define (table.values t)
  (table.foldl (lambda (k v z) (cons v z))
               () t))
(define (table.clone t)
  (let ((nt (table)))
    (table.foldl (lambda (k v z) (put! nt k v))
                 () t)
    nt))
(define (table.invert t)
  (let ((nt (table)))
    (table.foldl (lambda (k v z) (put! nt v k))
		 () t)
    nt))
(define (table.foreach f t)
  (table.foldl (lambda (k v z) (begin (f k v) #t)) () t))

; string functions ------------------------------------------------------------

(define (string.tail s n) (string.sub s (string.inc s 0 n)))

(define *whitespace*
  (string.encode #array(wchar 9 10 11 12 13 32 133 160 5760 6158 8192
			      8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200
			      8201 8202 8232 8233 8239 8287 12288)))

(define (string.trim s at-start at-end)
  (define (trim-start s chars i L)
    (if (and (< i L)
	     (string.find chars (string.char s i)))
	(trim-start s chars (string.inc s i) L)
	i))
  (define (trim-end s chars i)
    (if (and (> i 0)
	     (string.find chars (string.char s (string.dec s i))))
	(trim-end s chars (string.dec s i))
	i))
  (let ((L (length s)))
    (string.sub s
		(trim-start s at-start 0 L)
		(trim-end   s at-end   L))))

(define (string.map f s)
  (let ((b (buffer))
	(n (length s)))
    (let ((i 0))
      (while (< i n)
	     (begin (io.putc b (f (string.char s i)))
		    (set! i (string.inc s i)))))
    (io.tostring! b)))

(define (string.rep s k)
  (cond ((< k 4)
	 (cond ((<= k 0) "")
	       ((=  k 1) (string s))
	       ((=  k 2) (string s s))
	       (else     (string s s s))))
	((odd? k) (string s (string.rep s (- k 1))))
	(else     (string.rep (string s s) (/ k 2)))))

(define (string.lpad s n c) (string (string.rep c (- n (string.count s))) s))
(define (string.rpad s n c) (string s (string.rep c (- n (string.count s)))))

(define (print-to-string v)
  (let ((b (buffer)))
    (write v b)
    (io.tostring! b)))

(define (string.join strlist sep)
  (if (null? strlist) ""
      (let ((b (buffer)))
	(io.write b (car strlist))
	(for-each (lambda (s) (begin (io.write b sep)
				     (io.write b s)))
		  (cdr strlist))
	(io.tostring! b))))

; toplevel --------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (macrocall? e) (and (symbol? (car e))
			    (get *syntax-environment* (car e) #f)))

(define (macroexpand-1 e)
  (if (atom? e) e
      (let ((f (macrocall? e)))
	(if f (apply f (cdr e))
	    e))))

(define (macroexpand e)
  (define (macroexpand-in e env)
    (if (atom? e) e
	(let ((f (assq (car e) env)))
	  (if f
	      (macroexpand-in (apply (cadr f) (cdr e)) (caddr f))
	      (let ((f (macrocall? e)))
		(if f
		    (macroexpand-in (apply f (cdr e)) env)
		    (cond ((eq (car e) 'quote)  e)
			  ((eq (car e) 'lambda)
			   `(lambda ,(cadr e)
			      ,.(map (lambda (x) (macroexpand-in x env))
				     (cddr e))
			      . ,(lastcdr e)))
			  ((eq (car e) 'define)
			   `(define ,(cadr e)
			      ,.(map (lambda (x) (macroexpand-in x env))
				     (cddr e))))
			  ((eq (car e) 'let-syntax)
			   (let ((binds (cadr e))
				 (body  `((lambda () ,@(cddr e)))))
			     (macroexpand-in
			      body
			      (nconc
			       (map (lambda (bind)
				      (list (car bind)
					    (macroexpand-in (cadr bind) env)
					    env))
				    binds)
			       env))))
			  (else
			   (map (lambda (x) (macroexpand-in x env)) e)))))))))
  (macroexpand-in e ()))

(define (expand x) (macroexpand x))

(define (eval x) ((compile-thunk (expand x))))

(define (load-process x) (eval x))

(define (load filename)
  (let ((F (file filename :read)))
    (trycatch
     (let next (prev E v)
       (if (not (io.eof? F))
	   (next (read F)
                 prev
		 (load-process E))
	   (begin (io.close F)
		  ; evaluate last form in almost-tail position
		  (load-process E))))
     (lambda (e)
       (begin
	 (io.close F)
	 (raise `(load-error ,filename ,e)))))))

(define *banner* (string.tail "
;  _
; |_ _ _ |_ _ |  . _ _
; | (-||||_(_)|__|_)|_)
;-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------

" 1))

(define (repl)
  (define (prompt)
    (princ "> ") (io.flush *output-stream*)
    (let ((v (trycatch (read)
		       (lambda (e) (begin (io.discardbuffer *input-stream*)
					  (raise e))))))
      (and (not (io.eof? *input-stream*))
	   (let ((V (load-process v)))
	     (print V)
	     (set! that V)
	     #t))))
  (define (reploop)
    (when (trycatch (and (prompt) (newline))
		    (lambda (e)
		      (top-level-exception-handler e)
		      #t))
	  (begin (newline)
		 (reploop))))
  (reploop)
  (newline))

(define (top-level-exception-handler e)
  (with-output-to *stderr*
		  (print-exception e)
		  (print-stack-trace (stacktrace))))

(define (print-stack-trace st)
  (define (find-in-f f tgt path)
    (let ((path (cons (function:name f) path)))
      (if (eq? (function:code f) (function:code tgt))
	  (throw 'ffound path)
	  (let ((v (function:vals f)))
	    (for 0 (1- (length v))
		 (lambda (i) (if (closure? (aref v i))
				 (find-in-f (aref v i) tgt path))))))))
  (define (fn-name f e)
    (let ((p (catch 'ffound
		    (begin
		      (for-each (lambda (topfun)
				  (find-in-f topfun f ()))
				e)
		      #f))))
      (if p
	  (symbol (string.join (map string (reverse! p)) "/"))
	  'lambda)))
  (let ((st (reverse! (list-tail st 5)))
	(e (filter closure? (map (lambda (s) (and (bound? s)
						  (top-level-value s)))
				 (environment))))
	(n 0))
    (for-each
     (lambda (f)
       (princ "#" n " ")
       (print (cons (fn-name (aref f 0) e)
		    (cdr (vector->list f))))
       (newline)
       (set! n (+ n 1)))
     st)))

(define (print-exception e)
  (cond ((and (pair? e)
	      (eq? (car e) 'type-error)
	      (length= e 4))
	 (princ "type error: " (cadr e) ": expected " (caddr e) ", got ")
	 (print (cadddr e)))

	((and (pair? e)
	      (eq? (car e) 'bounds-error)
	      (length= e 4))
	 (princ (cadr e) ": index " (cadddr e) " out of bounds for ")
	 (print (caddr e)))

	((and (pair? e)
	      (eq? (car e) 'unbound-error)
	      (pair? (cdr e)))
	 (princ "eval: variable " (cadr e) " has no value"))

	((and (pair? e)
	      (eq? (car e) 'error))
	 (princ "error: ")
	 (apply princ (cdr e)))

	((and (pair? e)
	      (eq? (car e) 'load-error))
	 (print-exception (caddr e))
	 (princ "in file " (cadr e)))

	((and (list? e)
	      (length= e 2))
	 (print (car e))
	 (princ ": ")
	 (let ((msg (cadr e)))
	   ((if (or (string? msg) (symbol? msg))
		princ print)
	    msg)))

	(else (princ "*** Unhandled exception: ")
	      (print e)))

  (princ *linefeed*))

(define (simple-sort l)
  (if (or (null? l) (null? (cdr l))) l
      (let* ((piv (car l))
	     (halves (separate (lambda (x) (< x piv)) (cdr l))))
	(nconc (simple-sort (car halves))
	       (list piv)
	       (simple-sort (cdr halves))))))

(define (make-system-image fname)
  (let ((f (file fname :write :create :truncate))
	(excludes '(*linefeed* *directory-separator* *argv* that
			       *print-pretty* *print-width* *print-readably*)))
    (with-bindings ((*print-pretty* #f)
		    (*print-readably* #t))
      (let ((syms
	     (filter (lambda (s)
		       (and (bound? s)
			    (not (constant? s))
			    (or (not (builtin? (top-level-value s)))
				(not (equal? (string s) ; alias of builtin
					     (string (top-level-value s)))))
			    (not (memq s excludes))
			    (not (iostream? (top-level-value s)))))
		     (simple-sort (environment)))))
	(write (apply nconc (map list syms (map top-level-value syms))) f)
	(io.write f *linefeed*))
      (io.close f))))

; initialize globals that need to be set at load time
(define (__init_globals)
  (if (or (eq? *os-name* 'win32)
	  (eq? *os-name* 'win64)
	  (eq? *os-name* 'windows))
      (begin (set! *directory-separator* "\\")
	     (set! *linefeed* "\r\n"))
      (begin (set! *directory-separator* "/")
	     (set! *linefeed* "\n")))
  (set! *output-stream* *stdout*)
  (set! *input-stream*  *stdin*)
  (set! *error-stream*  *stderr*))

(define (__script fname)
  (trycatch (load fname)
	    (lambda (e) (begin (top-level-exception-handler e)
			       (exit 1)))))

(define (__start argv)
  (__init_globals)
  (if (pair? (cdr argv))
      (begin (set! *argv* (cdr argv))
	     (__script (cadr argv)))
      (begin (set! *argv* argv)
	     (princ *banner*)
	     (repl)))
  (exit 0))