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			146 lines
		
	
	
		
			9.0 KiB
		
	
	
	
		
			HTML
		
	
	
	
| <!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
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| <html>
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| <!-- Generated from TeX source by tex2page, v 4o4, 
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|      (c) Dorai Sitaram, http://www.cs.rice.edu/~dorai/tex2page -->
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| <head>
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| <title>
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| Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme
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| </title>
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| </head>
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| <body>
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| 
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| <p><div class=navigation>[Go to <span><a href="r5rs.html">first</a>, <a href="r5rs-Z-H-12.html">previous</a></span><span>, <a href="r5rs-Z-H-14.html">next</a></span> page<span>;   </span><span><a href="r5rs-Z-H-2.html#%_toc_start">contents</a></span><span><span>;   </span><a href="r5rs-Z-H-15.html#%_index_start">index</a></span>]</div><p>
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| 
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| <a name="%_chap_Temp_9"></a>
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| <h1 class=chapter>
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| <div class=chapterheading> </div><p>
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| <a href="r5rs-Z-H-2.html#%_toc_%_chap_Temp_9">Example</a></h1><p>
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| 
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| 
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| <p><p> 
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| <tt>Integrate-system</tt> integrates the system 
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| <p><div align=left><img src="r5rs-Z-G-63.gif" border="0"></div><p>
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| of differential equations with the method of Runge-Kutta.<p>
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| 
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| The parameter <tt>system-derivative</tt> is a function that takes a system
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| state (a vector of values for the state variables <em>y</em><sub>1</sub>, <tt>...</tt>, <em>y</em><sub><em>n</em></sub>)
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| and produces a system derivative (the values <em>y</em><sub>1</sub><sup>/</sup>, <tt>...</tt>,
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| <em>y</em><sub><em>n</em></sub><sup>/</sup>).  The parameter <tt>initial-state</tt> provides an initial
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| system state, and <tt>h</tt> is an initial guess for the length of the
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| integration step.<p>
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| 
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| The value returned by <tt>integrate-system</tt> is an infinite stream of
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| system states.<p>
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| 
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| <tt><p>(define integrate-system<br>
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|   (lambda (system-derivative initial-state h)<br>
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|     (let ((next (runge-kutta-4 system-derivative h)))<br>
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|       (letrec ((states<br>
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|                 (cons initial-state<br>
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|                       (delay (map-streams next<br>
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|                                           states)))))<br>
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|         states))))<p></tt><p>
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| 
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| <tt>Runge-Kutta-4</tt> takes a function, <tt>f</tt>, that produces a
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| system derivative from a system state.  <tt>Runge-Kutta-4</tt>
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| produces a function that takes a system state and
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| produces a new system state.<p>
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| 
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| <tt><p>(define runge-kutta-4<br>
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|   (lambda (f h)<br>
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|     (let ((*h (scale-vector h))<br>
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|           (*2 (scale-vector 2))<br>
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|           (*1/2 (scale-vector (/ 1 2)))<br>
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|           (*1/6 (scale-vector (/ 1 6))))<br>
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|       (lambda (y)<br>
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|         ;; y is a system state<br>
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|         (let* ((k0 (*h (f y)))<br>
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|                (k1 (*h (f (add-vectors y (*1/2 k0)))))<br>
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|                (k2 (*h (f (add-vectors y (*1/2 k1)))))<br>
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|                (k3 (*h (f (add-vectors y k2)))))<br>
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|           (add-vectors y<br>
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|             (*1/6 (add-vectors k0<br>
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|                                (*2 k1)<br>
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|                                (*2 k2)<br>
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|                                k3))))))))<br>
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| <br>
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| (define elementwise<br>
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|   (lambda (f)<br>
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|     (lambda vectors<br>
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|       (generate-vector<br>
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|         (vector-length (car vectors))<br>
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|         (lambda (i)<br>
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|           (apply f<br>
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|                  (map (lambda (v) (vector-ref  v i))<br>
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|                       vectors)))))))<br>
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| <br>
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| (define generate-vector<br>
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|   (lambda (size proc)<br>
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|     (let ((ans (make-vector size)))<br>
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|       (letrec ((loop<br>
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|                 (lambda (i)<br>
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|                   (cond ((= i size) ans)<br>
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|                         (else<br>
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|                          (vector-set! ans i (proc i))<br>
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|                          (loop (+ i 1)))))))<br>
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|         (loop 0)))))<br>
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| <br>
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| (define add-vectors (elementwise +))<br>
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| <br>
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| (define scale-vector<br>
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|   (lambda (s)<br>
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|     (elementwise (lambda (x) (* x s)))))<p></tt><p>
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| 
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| <tt>Map-streams</tt> is analogous to <tt>map</tt>: it applies its first
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| argument (a procedure) to all the elements of its second argument (a
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| stream).<p>
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| 
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| <tt><p>(define map-streams<br>
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|   (lambda (f s)<br>
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|     (cons (f (head s))<br>
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|           (delay (map-streams f (tail s))))))<p></tt><p>
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| 
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| Infinite streams are implemented as pairs whose car holds the first
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| element of the stream and whose cdr holds a promise to deliver the rest
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| of the stream.<p>
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| 
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| <tt><p>(define head car)<br>
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| (define tail<br>
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|   (lambda (stream) (force (cdr stream))))<p></tt><p>
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| 
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| <p><br><p><br><p>The following illustrates the use of <tt>integrate-system</tt> in
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| integrating the system
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| <p><div align=left><img src="r5rs-Z-G-64.gif" border="0"></div><p><p><div align=left><img src="r5rs-Z-G-65.gif" border="0"></div><p>
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| which models a damped oscillator.<p>
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| 
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| <tt><p>(define damped-oscillator<br>
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|   (lambda (R L C)<br>
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|     (lambda (state)<br>
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|       (let ((Vc (vector-ref state 0))<br>
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|             (Il (vector-ref state 1)))<br>
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|         (vector (- 0 (+ (/ Vc (* R C)) (/ Il C)))<br>
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|                 (/ Vc L))))))<br>
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| <br>
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| (define the-states<br>
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|   (integrate-system<br>
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|      (damped-oscillator 10000 1000 .001)<br>
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|      '#(1 0)<br>
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|      .01))<p></tt><p>
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| 
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| <p>
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| 
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| 
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|         <p>
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| 
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| 
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| 
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