commit 0c0af57d1c074db89ad29d7900050f7abbc3c225 Author: Lassi Kortela Date: Thu Jan 12 14:56:11 2023 +0200 Add contents of schemers.org-20230110.tgz SHA1 b2ce2f884321b4e89eda5ecf4ad2914565c6da23 diff --git a/www/Documents/FAQ/index.html b/www/Documents/FAQ/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a79635c --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/FAQ/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + + +Scheme Frequently Asked Questions + + +

+This document has +moved to a Wiki. +

+ + diff --git a/www/Documents/Proposals/shivers-list-lib-10-16-1998 b/www/Documents/Proposals/shivers-list-lib-10-16-1998 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b9ab86 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Proposals/shivers-list-lib-10-16-1998 @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +This document has been turned into a formal SRFI. +Please visit the URL + + http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-1/ + +instead. + +Shriram Krishnamurthi +shriram@schemers.org diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/2004-10-13.pdf b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/2004-10-13.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76a85d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/2004-10-13.pdf differ diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/charter-mar-2006.txt b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/charter-mar-2006.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7241f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/charter-mar-2006.txt @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ + Scheme Standardization + +The following charter and standardization committees have been +approved by the Scheme Strategy Committee. The Strategy Committee was +formed by attendees of the Scheme Workshop in Pittsburgh, October +2002. The draft charter and the committee-selection process were +further confirmed by the attendees of the Scheme Workshop in Boston, +November 2003. + + + Strategy Committee: + Alan Bawden + William Clinger + Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt + Richard Kelsey + Manuel Serrano + Michael Sperber + + January 2004 + as amended, October 2004 + as amended, February 2006 + + + +Charter +======= + +Standardization Committees +-------------------------- + + * Steering Committee + + The creation of Scheme standards shall be governed by a Steering + Committee that consists of three members. Its responsibility is to + ensure that the standardization process continues, and to establish + processes by which draft standards are reviewed and accepted by + the Scheme community at large. + + The Steering Committee must replace members who + leave. Replacements must be selected within three months, and the + Steering Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme + community at large. The Steering Committee itself shall establish + procedures for replacing its members. + + This charter can be amended only by a unanimous vote of the + Steering Committee. + + * Standard Editors + + The creation of Scheme standards documents shall be governed by a + committee of five Editors, including a Chair and a Project Editor. The + Chair is responsible for organizing meetings and other activities and + ensuring that the process makes progress in an orderly fashion. The + Project Editor is responsible for producing standardization + documents. None of the Editors may be a member of the Steering + Committee. + + When the Editors have produced a candidate standard, they present + it to the Steering Committee for review and acceptance. The + Steering Committee shall make no rule concerning the process by + which a candidate standard is produced or revised, but Editors are + encouraged to exploit the Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) + process for gathering opinions and suggestions from the Scheme + community at large. + + The Steering Committee must replace Editors who leave. The + replacements must be selected within three months, and the Steering + Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme community at + large. + + If an editor resigns, the Chair should notify the + Steering Committee so that he may be replaced. The Chair + may of course try to convince the editor to withdraw his + resignation. + + The Chair can request that an editor submit a letter of + resignation, so long as such requests are made in good faith and + for good cause. + + If the Chair requests a letter of resignation from an + editor, and the editor declines to resign, then the matter should + be resolved by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee may + investigate and take whatever actions they deem necessary to + resolve the matter up to, and including, the involuntary removal of + one or more editors, possibly including the Chair. + + + * Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) Editors + + The Scheme Request for Implementation process shall remain the + primary vehicle for language design and discussion by the Scheme + community at large. SRFI standards shall be governed by the SRFI + Editors, and shall not be governed or endorsed by the Steering + Committee. Standard Editors are encouraged to draw on the SRFI + process in developing Scheme standards. + + +Recommended Timeline +-------------------- + +The Steering Committee and Editors are ultimately responsible for the +process of Scheme standardization. Nevertheless, as the intent of this +charter is to make timely progress towards a standard, the following +timeline and process suggestions (for a single round of standards) may +serve as a benchmark for the actual process. + + * Drafting + + The Editors should produce a draft standard core Scheme, a draft + module system, and a draft set of initial libraries within 24 + months of the Editors' establishment. + + During these 24 months, the Editors are encouraged to produce short + status reports every 6 months, posted at www.schemers.org. The + Editors are also encouraged to solicit opinions on specific issues + concerning the draft. The Editors are further encouraged to record + electronic discussions and meeting minutes in a publicly readable + archive. + + If the Editors require more than 24 months to complete the draft, + they are encouraged to report this as soon as possible to the + Steering Committee. If the Editors determine they are unable to + produce a draft, they should report this to the Steering Committee + as soon as possible. + + * Review + + When the Editors finish the draft standards, they should provide + the drafts to the Steering Committee, who should in turn publish + the drafts on schemers.org. + + After this, the members of the Steering Committee and the scheme + community at large have 6 months to voice concerns, criticism, and + suggestions for improving the drafts. + + The Editors should attempt to respond to each voiced concern, + detailing a rationale against a concern or indicating the way that + the drafts will change to address a concern. + + The editors are encouraged to publish numbered (or otherwise + identified) intermediate revisions of the report during the review + period, and announce them on schemers.org. + + * Finalization + + After the end of the review period, the Editors should submit new + drafts within three months. The Steering Committee should then + choose either to finalize the drafts or to restart the review + process. + +Current Steering Committee +========================== + + Alan Bawden + Guy L. Steele + Mitchell Wand + +Current Editors +=============== + + William D. Clinger + R. Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt + Michael Sperber + Anton van Straaten + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/diffs-2006-03-2004-10.diff b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/diffs-2006-03-2004-10.diff new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f2c43d --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/diffs-2006-03-2004-10.diff @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- charter.txt 2006/02/08 02:46:37 1.2 ++++ charter.txt 2006/02/08 09:46:27 +@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ + + January 2004 + as amended, October 2004 ++ as amended, February 2006 + + + +@@ -48,8 +49,10 @@ + * Standard Editors + + The creation of Scheme standards documents shall be governed by a +- committee of seven Editors, including Editor-in-Chief. The +- Editor-in-Chief is responsible for producing standardization ++ committee of five Editors, including a Chair and a Project Editor. The ++ Chair is responsible for organizing meetings and other activities and ++ ensuring that the process makes progress in an orderly fashion. The ++ Project Editor is responsible for producing standardization + documents. None of the Editors may be a member of the Steering + Committee. + +@@ -66,23 +69,21 @@ + Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme community at + large. + +- +- If an editor resigns, the Editor-in-Chief should notify the +- Steering Committee so that he may be replaced. The Editor-in-Chief ++ If an editor resigns, the Chair should notify the ++ Steering Committee so that he may be replaced. The Chair + may of course try to convince the editor to withdraw his + resignation. + +- The Editor-in-Chief can request that an editor submit a letter of ++ The Chair can request that an editor submit a letter of + resignation, so long as such requests are made in good faith and + for good cause. + +- If the Editor-in-Chief requests a letter of resignation from an ++ If the Chair requests a letter of resignation from an + editor, and the editor declines to resign, then the matter should + be resolved by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee may + investigate and take whatever actions they deem necessary to + resolve the matter up to, and including, the involuntary removal of +- one or more editors, possibly including the Editor-in-Chief. +- ++ one or more editors, possibly including the Chair. + + + * Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) Editors +@@ -158,10 +159,8 @@ + Current Editors + =============== + +- Marc Feeley (Editor in Chief) + William D. Clinger + R. Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt +- Richard Kelsey +- Manuel Serrano + Michael Sperber ++ Anton van Straaten + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/index.shtml b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fac61e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Documents: Standards: A Charter for Change + + + +

A Charter for Change (R6RS)

+ +

+A draft version of R6RS is now available from +www.r6rs.org. +The charter provides for a six-month public comment period. +The comment period is now open and will continue until March 15, 2007. +

+ +

+The R6RS editors asked for the following announcements to be included +here: +

+ +

+Shortly after we began our work, we created a mailing list for our +discussions and agreed that the mailing list archive should be made +public at some point after the R6RS was published. During our +September 12, 2006 meeting, we voted to make the archive public +immediately. It has taken us a while to get around to it, but the +archive is now available at +http://www.r6rs.org/r6rs-editors/. +
+During our October 19, 2006 meeting, we committed to providing a +formal response by December 15, 2006 to all formal comments submitted +by November 15, 2006. The timing of our formal responses to formal +comments submitted after that date will be decided at a later time. +For more information on the formal review process, see +http://www.r6rs.org/process.html. +
+Also during our October 19th meeting, we committed to producing a new +draft of the R6RS by January 15, 2007, which will take into account +comments and suggestions made by November 15, 2006. LaTeX source code +will also be provided for the drafts. +

+ +

+We appreciate the response to date from members of the Scheme community. +

+ +

+Status Report in June 2006: +HTML, +PDF +

+ +

+Updates in March 2006: +

+Steering Committee Community Report +
+Updated Charter +
+diffs +between October 2004 and March 2006 charters +
+Editors' Progress Report: +PDF, +HTML +

+ +

+Status Report from March 2005. +

+ +

+Amended charter from October 2004, +with a revised progress report +on R6RS. +

+ +

+Original charter of January 2004. +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/jan-2004.txt b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/jan-2004.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ea19f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/jan-2004.txt @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ + Scheme Standardization + +The following charter and standardization committees have been +approved by the Scheme Strategy Committee. The Strategy Committee was +formed by attendees of the Scheme Workshop in Pittsburgh, October +2002. The draft charter and the committee-selection process were +further confirmed by the attendees of the Scheme Workshop in Boston, +November 2003. + + + Strategy Committee: + Alan Bawden + William Clinger + Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt + Richard Kelsey + Manuel Serrano + Michael Sperber + + January 2004 + + +Charter +======= + +Standardization Committees +-------------------------- + + * Steering Committee + + The creation of Scheme standards shall be governed by a Steering + Committee that consists of three members. Its responsibility is to + ensure that the standardization process continues, and to establish + processes by which draft standards are reviewed and accepted by + the Scheme community at large. + + The Steering Committee must replace members who + leave. Replacements must be selected within three months, and the + Steering Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme + community at large. The Steering Committee itself shall establish + procedures for replacing its members. + + This charter can be amended only by a unanimous vote of the + Steering Committee. + + * Standard Editors + + The creation of Scheme standards documents shall be governed by a + committee of seven Editors, including Editor-in-Chief. The + Editor-in-Chief is responsible for producing standardization + documents. None of the Editors may be a member of the Steering + Committee. + + When the Editors have produced a candidate standard, they present + it to the Steering Committee for review and acceptance. The + Steering Committee shall make no rule concerning the process by + which a candidate standard is produced or revised, but Editors are + encouraged to exploit the Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) + process for gathering opinions and suggestions from the Scheme + community at large. + + The Steering Committee must replace Editors who leave. The + replacements must be selected within three months, and the Steering + Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme community at + large. + + * Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) Editors + + The Scheme Request for Implementation process shall remain the + primary vehicle for language design and discussion by the Scheme + community at large. SRFI standards shall be governed by the SRFI + Editors, and shall not be governed or endorsed by the Steering + Committee. Standard Editors are encouraged to draw on the SRFI + process in developing Scheme standards. + + +Recommended Timeline +-------------------- + +The Steering Committee and Editors are ultimately responsible for the +process of Scheme standardization. Nevertheless, as the intent of this +charter is to make timely progress towards a standard, the following +timeline and process suggestions (for a single round of standards) may +serve as a benchmark for the actual process. + + * Drafting + + The Editors should produce a draft standard core Scheme, a draft + module system, and a draft set of initial libraries within 24 + months of the Editors' establishment. + + During these 24 months, the Editors are encouraged to produce short + status reports every 6 months, posted at www.schemers.org. The + Editors are also encouraged to solicit opinions on specific issues + concerning the draft. The Editors are further encouraged to record + electronic discussions and meeting minutes in a publicly readable + archive. + + If the Editors require more than 24 months to complete the draft, + they are encouraged to report this as soon as possible to the + Steering Committee. If the Editors determine they are unable to + produce a draft, they should report this to the Steering Committee + as soon as possible. + + * Review + + When the Editors finish the draft standards, they should provide + the drafts to the Steering Committee, who should in turn publish + the drafts on schemers.org. + + After this, the members of the Steering Committee and the scheme + community at large have 6 months to voice concerns, criticism, and + suggestions for improving the drafts. + + The Editors should attempt to respond to each voiced concern, + detailing a rationale against a concern or indicating the way that + the drafts will change to address a concern. + + The editors are encouraged to publish numbered (or otherwise + identified) intermediate revisions of the report during the review + period, and announce them on schemers.org. + + * Finalization + + After the end of the review period, the Editors should submit new + drafts within three months. The Steering Committee should then + choose either to finalize the drafts or to restart the review + process. + +Current Steering Committee +========================== + + Alan Bawden + Guy L. Steele + Mitchell Wand + +Current Editors +=============== + + Marc Feeley (Editor in Chief) + William D. Clinger + R. Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt + Richard Kelsey + Manuel Serrano + Michael Sperber diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/mar-2005.txt b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/mar-2005.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4027d91 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/mar-2005.txt @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +The March 2005 R6RS Status Report +================================= + +Consolidation +------------- + +We have voted on a number of the decisions listed in the Revised R6RS +Status Report. Among the minor but visible decisions made are: + +- the addition of multi-line and S-expression comments +- change to case-sensitive lexical syntax +- add balanced square brackets as a synonym for parentheses +- add LETREC* +- specify internal DEFINE in terms of LETREC* +- all datums will be serializable and obey read/write invariance + +Unicode support +--------------- + +We have written up a proposal for Unicode support that defines the +notion of "char" to be a Unicode scalar value---strings are simply +vectors of these scalar values. This allows Unicode support to be +largely a conservative extension of the character and string processing +in R5RS, and avoids the API problems inherent in using a UTF-16-based +representation. Moreover, this approach has already been successfully +implemented by several Scheme implementations. + +Along with Unicode support, we are also considering extensions to the +character and string literal syntax. Details are still under +discussion. + +Exception Handling +------------------ + +An exception handling system has been proposed. Its design is based +on SRFI 34, SRFI 35, with an added condition hierarchy for bugs, in +addition to the hierarchy for errors that is part of SRFI +35. It is too early to say if this proposal will be adopted as there +are interactions with features that remain to be discussed + +Numerical tower +--------------- + +A subcommittee was formed with a mandate to propose revisions to the +numerical tower to the whole committee. While the full proposal is +not yet finished, the subcommittee believes that sets of operations +for exact arithmetic and floating-point arithmetic should be separated +out. The subcommittee is still debating the semantics of the generic +numerical operations, and the issues connected to reading and writing +external representations of numbers. + +Module System +------------- + +The R6RS committee has put significant effort into the module system +issue. Some members of the committee have written strawman proposals. +However, the differences between these proposals is too large to allow +for a simple unification of the systems. We have written up a summary +with a discussion of the various issues, and how they relate to the +various proposals. + +In particular, the proposed module systems all address different sets +of requirements, and hit very different spots on the design spectrum: +presently it seems at least very difficult to address all different +requirements with a single mechanism in the language. + +Specifically, a module system akin to the one in Chez Scheme which is +integrated with the core language, handles the manipulation of +environments in a uniform manner, at the cost of complicating the +static semantics of the language. + +On the other hand, module systems like those of PLT Scheme, Scheme 48 +or Bigloo at least partly reside in a language that is separate from +the core language, thus trading simplicity and easier processing of +the module language for expressive power. + +It would be nice to separate the concerns of environment manipulation +and linking, both of which are in some degree part of all the proposed +module systems. However, this is a technically difficult issue, and +we expect that significant additional effort will be needed to resolve +it. It seems probable that little progress can be made without +significant additional compromise. + +Records +------- + +We expect a system for defining record types to be part of R6RS, and +are exploring the design space for such systems. Two concrete +proposals have been written. + +Procedural issues +----------------- + +A shared CVS archive has been set up to enable work on the actual +document. We're also currently testing video-conferencing to allow +interactive discussions. + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/oct-2004.txt b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/oct-2004.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2f1d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/oct-2004.txt @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ + Scheme Standardization + +The following charter and standardization committees have been +approved by the Scheme Strategy Committee. The Strategy Committee was +formed by attendees of the Scheme Workshop in Pittsburgh, October +2002. The draft charter and the committee-selection process were +further confirmed by the attendees of the Scheme Workshop in Boston, +November 2003. + + + Strategy Committee: + Alan Bawden + William Clinger + Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt + Richard Kelsey + Manuel Serrano + Michael Sperber + + January 2004 + as amended, October 2004 + + + +Charter +======= + +Standardization Committees +-------------------------- + + * Steering Committee + + The creation of Scheme standards shall be governed by a Steering + Committee that consists of three members. Its responsibility is to + ensure that the standardization process continues, and to establish + processes by which draft standards are reviewed and accepted by + the Scheme community at large. + + The Steering Committee must replace members who + leave. Replacements must be selected within three months, and the + Steering Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme + community at large. The Steering Committee itself shall establish + procedures for replacing its members. + + This charter can be amended only by a unanimous vote of the + Steering Committee. + + * Standard Editors + + The creation of Scheme standards documents shall be governed by a + committee of seven Editors, including Editor-in-Chief. The + Editor-in-Chief is responsible for producing standardization + documents. None of the Editors may be a member of the Steering + Committee. + + When the Editors have produced a candidate standard, they present + it to the Steering Committee for review and acceptance. The + Steering Committee shall make no rule concerning the process by + which a candidate standard is produced or revised, but Editors are + encouraged to exploit the Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) + process for gathering opinions and suggestions from the Scheme + community at large. + + The Steering Committee must replace Editors who leave. The + replacements must be selected within three months, and the Steering + Committee must announce the replacement to the Scheme community at + large. + + + If an editor resigns, the Editor-in-Chief should notify the + Steering Committee so that he may be replaced. The Editor-in-Chief + may of course try to convince the editor to withdraw his + resignation. + + The Editor-in-Chief can request that an editor submit a letter of + resignation, so long as such requests are made in good faith and + for good cause. + + If the Editor-in-Chief requests a letter of resignation from an + editor, and the editor declines to resign, then the matter should + be resolved by the Steering Committee. The Steering Committee may + investigate and take whatever actions they deem necessary to + resolve the matter up to, and including, the involuntary removal of + one or more editors, possibly including the Editor-in-Chief. + + + + * Scheme Request for Implementation (SRFI) Editors + + The Scheme Request for Implementation process shall remain the + primary vehicle for language design and discussion by the Scheme + community at large. SRFI standards shall be governed by the SRFI + Editors, and shall not be governed or endorsed by the Steering + Committee. Standard Editors are encouraged to draw on the SRFI + process in developing Scheme standards. + + +Recommended Timeline +-------------------- + +The Steering Committee and Editors are ultimately responsible for the +process of Scheme standardization. Nevertheless, as the intent of this +charter is to make timely progress towards a standard, the following +timeline and process suggestions (for a single round of standards) may +serve as a benchmark for the actual process. + + * Drafting + + The Editors should produce a draft standard core Scheme, a draft + module system, and a draft set of initial libraries within 24 + months of the Editors' establishment. + + During these 24 months, the Editors are encouraged to produce short + status reports every 6 months, posted at www.schemers.org. The + Editors are also encouraged to solicit opinions on specific issues + concerning the draft. The Editors are further encouraged to record + electronic discussions and meeting minutes in a publicly readable + archive. + + If the Editors require more than 24 months to complete the draft, + they are encouraged to report this as soon as possible to the + Steering Committee. If the Editors determine they are unable to + produce a draft, they should report this to the Steering Committee + as soon as possible. + + * Review + + When the Editors finish the draft standards, they should provide + the drafts to the Steering Committee, who should in turn publish + the drafts on schemers.org. + + After this, the members of the Steering Committee and the scheme + community at large have 6 months to voice concerns, criticism, and + suggestions for improving the drafts. + + The Editors should attempt to respond to each voiced concern, + detailing a rationale against a concern or indicating the way that + the drafts will change to address a concern. + + The editors are encouraged to publish numbered (or otherwise + identified) intermediate revisions of the report during the review + period, and announce them on schemers.org. + + * Finalization + + After the end of the review period, the Editors should submit new + drafts within three months. The Steering Committee should then + choose either to finalize the drafts or to restart the review + process. + +Current Steering Committee +========================== + + Alan Bawden + Guy L. Steele + Mitchell Wand + +Current Editors +=============== + + Marc Feeley (Editor in Chief) + William D. Clinger + R. Kent Dybvig + Matthew Flatt + Richard Kelsey + Manuel Serrano + Michael Sperber diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/report-mar-2006.txt b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/report-mar-2006.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f44966e --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/report-mar-2006.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Scheme Language Steering Committee Report to the Community + +March 1, 2006 + +Since the last report of the Steering Committee, a number of important +changes have taken place. + +First, Marc Feeley and Manuel Serrano have resigned from the Editors +Committee. We have accepted their resignations with regret, and with +gratitude for the efforts they have expended to produce a revised +Scheme standard. + +In light of these changes, the Steering Committee has amended the +Charter to: + +(a) change the number of Editors from seven to five. + +(b) replace the office of Editor-in-Chief by a Chair and a Project +Editor. The Chair is responsible for organizing meetings and other +activities and ensuring that the process makes progress in an orderly +fashion. The Project Editor is responsible for producing +standardization documents. + +The five editors have chosen their Chair and Project Editor. They +are: + +Chair: Kent Dybvig +Project Editor: Mike Sperber + +The Editors Committee has now produced a progress report, which is +available at schemers.org. In it they state their intention to +deliver to the Steering Committee a complete draft R6RS by September +1, 2006. + +The Steering Committee looks forward to receiving their draft. + + + + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status-jun06.html b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status-jun06.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31ff781 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status-jun06.html @@ -0,0 +1,1104 @@ + + + + + +R6RS Status Report + + + + + + + +

R6RS Status Report

Kent Dybvig, Will Clinger, Matthew Flatt, Mike Sperber, and Anton van Straaten

June 21, 2006

+ + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1. Overview
2. Change Log
3. Guiding Principles
4. Decisions
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
4.1. Language structure
4.2. Programs
4.3. Features eliminated
4.4. Changes
4.5. Features added
4.6. Features to be added
4.7. Reaffirmations
4.8. Beyond R⁶RS
5. Mutability of pairs
6. Reference implementations
7. Work in Progress
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
7.1. Libraries
7.2. Records
7.3. Unicode
7.4. Arithmetic
7.5. Exceptions
7.6. I/O
7.7. Macros
7.8. Binary block datatype
7.9. Other possible changes
8. Completion Process
+ + +

+ + + + +

1. Overview

+ + + + +

+This status report describes the current state of the R⁶RS +standardization effort. +It covers principles we have outlined to guide the effort, +decisions we have made to date, our work in progress, and the process +by which we intend to complete the Revised⁶ Report on Scheme. + +

+ + + + +

2. Change Log

+ + + + +

+Here is a brief overview of the important changes to this document since +the February 2006 version. + +

+Section 4.1 provides some examples of libraries +we believe might be required by R⁶RS. + +

+Section 4.2 (new): describes the forms which portable +code can take. + +

+Section 4.3: now lists interaction-environment, +top-level definitions, and top-level expressions among the eliminated +features. +It also lists scheme-report-environment, +null-environment quotient, remainder, and +modulo among those that have been relegated to an R⁵RS +compatibility library. + +

+Section 4.4 lists several additional changes. +(All but the first four listed are new.) + +

+Section 4.5 lists several added features. +(All but the first six listed are new.) + +

+Section 4.6 lists two new features to be +added: scripts and a byte-vector datatype. +Read/write invariance is now covered in Section 4.4. + +

+Section 4.7 lists several newly reaffirmed features. +(All but the first three listed are new.) + +

+Section 4.8 lists several features that are officially +not under consideration for R⁶RS. +(All but the first four listed are new.) + +

+Section 5 announces that the editors have decided +to reconsider whether to make pairs immutable and may even consider +whether to require that the second argument of cons be a list. + +

+Section 6 (new) describes the editors' commitment to provide +reference implementations for the major subsystems included in R⁶RS. + +

+Section 7.2 documents that we have now withdrawn the +record SRFI as planned, after receiving valuable community input, and that +support for records will be based on this SRFI. +It also describes decisions we have made regarding some issues left +open by the SRFI. + +

+Section 7.3 documents that we have now withdrawn the +Unicode SRFI as planned, after receiving valuable community input, and +that support for Unicode will be based on this SRFI. + +

+Section 7.4 documents that the arithmetic SRFI +has undergone revisions. + +

+Section 7.5 documents that we have decided to base the +R⁶RS exception system on +SRFI's 34 +and 35. + +

+Section 7.6 documents that we have decided to base the +R⁶RS I/O system on +SRFI's 79 +and 81. + +

+Section 7.8 (new) documents that we have decided to +base R⁶RS byte vectors on +SRFI 74. + +

+Section 7.9 now lists enumerations and +eval among possible features and changes. +Some of the previously listed items are no longer under consideration +and are now listed as "beyond R⁶RS" in Section 4.8: + +

external representation for (possibly cyclic) graph structures +
syntax for the eof-object, if any +
cond-expand +
homogeneous numeric vectors +
support for regular expressions +
formatted output +
adding support for weak pointers +
support for gensyms and uids +

+ +

+One is now mentioned in Section 4.1: + +

R⁵RS compatibility library +

+ +

+One is now mentioned in Section 4.7: + +

making quotation of empty list optional (reaffirmed that + () is not a valid expression) +

+ +

+Some are listed as changes to be made, features added, or features to be added: + +

#t, #f, and characters must be followed by a delimiter + (Section 4.4) +
case-lambda + (Section 4.5) +
bitwise operations on exact integers + (Section 7.4) +
adding a void object to replace the "unspecified value" + (as "unspecified" rather than "void"; + Sections 4.4 and 4.5) +
let-values or other multiple-value binding construct(s) + (both let-values and let*-values; + Section 4.5) +

+ +

+Section 8 now lists Sperber and Clinger as the editors +in charge of byte vectors. + +

+ + + + +

3. Guiding Principles

+ + + + +

+To help guide the standardization effort, the editors have adopted a +set of principles, presented below. +They are, like R⁶RS itself, a work in progress and still subject +to change. + +

+Like R⁵RS Scheme, R⁶RS Scheme should: + +

derive its power from simplicity, a small number of generally + useful core syntactic forms and procedures, and no unnecessary + restrictions on how they are composed; + +
+
allow programs to define new procedures and new hygienic + syntactic forms; + +
+
support the traditional s-expression representation of program + source code as data; + +
+
make procedure calls powerful enough to express any form of + sequential control, and allow programs to perform non-local control + operations without the use of global program transformations; + +
+
allow interesting, purely functional programs to run indefinitely + without terminating or running out of memory on finite-memory + machines; + +
+
allow educators to use the language to teach programming + effectively, at various levels and with a variety of pedagogical + approaches; +and + +
+
allow researchers to use the language to explore the design, + implementation, and semantics of programming languages. +

+ +

+In addition, R⁶RS Scheme should: + +

allow programmers to create and distribute substantial + programs and libraries, e.g., SRFI implementations, that run + without modification in a variety of Scheme implementations; + +
+
support procedural, syntactic, and data abstraction more fully + by allowing programs to define hygiene-bending and hygiene-breaking + syntactic abstractions and new unique datatypes along with + procedures and hygienic macros in any scope; + +
+
allow programmers to rely on a level of automatic run-time type + and bounds checking sufficient to ensure type safety while also + providing a standard way to declare whether such checks are + desired; +and + +
+
allow implementations to generate efficient code, without requiring + programmers to use implementation-specific operators or + declarations. +

+ +

+In general, R⁶RS should include building blocks that allow a wide +variety of libraries to be written, include commonly used user-level +features to enhance portability and readability of library and application +code, and exclude features that are less commonly used and easily +implemented in separate libraries. + +

+R⁶RS Scheme should also be backward compatible with programs +written in R⁵RS Scheme to the extent possible without compromising +the above principles and future viability of the language. +With respect to future viability, we operate under the assumption that +many more Scheme programs will be written in the future than exist in +the present, so the future programs are those with which we must be +most concerned. + +

+ + + + +

4. Decisions

+ + + + +

+This section outlines the decisions made to date. + +

+ + + + +

4.1. Language structure

+ + + + +

+The R⁶RS language consists of a core language and a set of additional +libraries. +The exact composition of the core language is expected to fluctuate as +other features of R6RS are finalized. + +

+Some examples of the kind of libraries which R6RS might specify are as +follows: + +

arithmetic-fixnum: Procedures specific to fixnums (see Section 7.4) +
arithmetic-flonum: Procedures specific to flonums (see Section 7.4) +
records-procedural: The procedural API to the record mechanism (see Section 7.2) +
records-reflection: The reflection procedures for the record mechanism (see Section 7.2) +
hash-tables: Hash tables (see Section 4.6) +
promises: delay and force +
eval: The eval procedure, along with necessary support procedures. +
r5rs: R⁵RS compatibility +

+ + +

+ + + + +

4.2. Programs

+ + + + +

+R⁶RS programs exist only in the form of libraries and scripts. +A library consists of a single top-level library form. +Libraries may import variable and keyword bindings from other +libraries (standard or user-defined) and may export variable and keyword +bindings. +A script consists of a standard script header and a single +top-level library. +All definitions and expressions must appear within a library form; +R⁶RS has no notion of a top-level definition or expression. +The eval procedure will likely, however, allow the +evaluation of an expression (but not a definition) within the scope of a +specified set of library bindings. + +

+ + + + +

4.3. Features eliminated

+ + + + +

+The following features of R⁵RS have been eliminated. + +

transcript-on and transcript-off +
interaction-environment +
top-level definitions and expressions (see Section 4.2) +

+ +

+The following features of R⁵RS are deprecated but will be available in +an R⁵RS compatibility library: + +

scheme-report-environment +
null-environment +
quotient, remainder, modulo + (see SRFI 77 + for replacements) +

+ +

+ + + + +

4.4. Changes

+ + + + +

+The following syntactic and semantic changes have been made to existing +features. + +

Syntax is case sensitive. +
Internal defines now follow letrec* semantics. +
There is now a single unique end-of-file object. +
Continuations created by begin must accept any number + of values. (This was optional in R⁵RS.) +
Any character or boolean must be followed by a delimiter. +
The new syntax #!r6rs is treated as a declaration that + a source library or script contains only r6rs-compatible + lexical constructs. + It is otherwise treated as a comment by the reader. +
An implementation may or may not signal an error when + it sees #!symbol, for any symbol symbol + that is not r6rs. + Implementations are encouraged to use specific + #!-prefixed symbols as flags that subsequent input + contains extensions to the standard lexical syntax. +
All other lexical errors must be signaled, effectively + ruling out any implementation-dependent extensions unless + identified by a #!-prefixed symbol. +
Expressions that would have evaluated to some "unspecified value" + in R⁵RS evaluate to a new unique (in the sense of eq?) + "unspecified" value. +
Character and string comparison routines are now n-ary. + (This was optional in R⁵RS.) +
The in and out thunks of a dynamic-wind are + considered "outside" of the dynamic-wind; that is, + escaping from either does not cause the out thunk to be invoked, + and jumping back in does not cause the in thunk to be invoked. +
Most standard procedures are required to raise an exception with a + specific condition (in the default "safe" mode) when given + invalid inputs, except in certain specific cases where the answer + can be determined in spite of the invalid input and the additional + work involved may be extraordinary. + For example, map must raise an exception if its first argument + is not a procedure or if its other arguments are not (proper) lists + of the same length. + On the other hand, (memq x ls) must raise an + exception if and only if, before it finds a tail of ls whose + car is eq? to x, it encounters a non-list tail or cycle in + ls. +
When given a value x that can be represented as a datum, + write must print x as a datum for which + read would produce a value that is equivalent (in the + sense of equal?) to x (read/write invariance). + When given a value x that cannot be represented as a datum, + the behavior of write is unspecified. +
Every symbol, string, and character that can be created via + standard operators has at least one standard representation + as a datum. + In most implementations, this will also be true of numbers. +
The equal? predicate now terminates for all inputs, following + the semantics of equiv? in + SRFI 85. +

+ +

+ + + + +

4.5. Features added

+ + + + +

+The following features have been added: + +

letrec* (letrec with left-to-right evaluation order) +
block comments bracketed by #| and |# +
expression comments prefixed by #; +
matched square brackets ("[" and "]"); + equivalent to matched parentheses for list data and + list-structured forms +
symbols of the form ->subsequent* are now allowed +
eof-object constructor to obtain the end-of-file object +
unspecified procedure that returns the unspecified value +
let-values and let*-values multiple-value binding forms +
(define var) syntax: abbreviation for (define var (unspecified)) +
when and unless syntax +
case-lambda syntax +
call/cc as a second name for call-with-current-continuation +
new list-processing procedures (mostly inspired by + SRFI 1): + exists, forall, + fold-left, fold-right, + filter, partition, + iota, + find, + remq, remv, remove, + memp, remp, and assp + (the latter three accept a predicate and a list) +
Unicode support +

+ +

+ + + + +

4.6. Features to be added

+ + + + +

+The following features will be added, but the details have yet to be fully +worked out. + +

top-level libraries +
exception handling +
safe (default) and unsafe modes +
syntax-case macros +
hash tables (as a library) +
byte-vector datatype and operations +
scripts +
fixnum- and flonum-specific arithmetic +
support for infinities and NaNs +

+ +

+ + + + +

4.7. Reaffirmations

+ + + + +

+The following features of R⁵RS are reaffirmed for R⁶RS. + +

support for multiple values +
unspecified evaluation order for applications, let bindings, and letrec bindings +
set-car! and set-cdr! (but see Section 5) +
read-char and peek-char return the eof object +
(begin) is still an invalid expression +
case still uses memv +
one-armed if remains in the language +
append copies all but last argument, even if last argument is () +
() is still an invalid expression +
the contents of (make-string n) and (make-vector n) + remain unspecified (in particular, the elements of + (make-vector n) are not initialized to the new + "unspecified" value +

+ +

+ + + + +

4.8. Beyond R⁶RS

+ + + + +

+The following features are definitely not under consideration for R⁶RS. +We encourage anyone interested in seeing any of these features in R⁷RS +to make concrete proposals via the SRFI process. + +

processes +
network programming +
object-oriented programming +
box datatype +
formatted output +
graph printing (printed representation for shared structure and cycles) +
rec form, (rec id e) => (letrec ([id e]) id) +
vector-length prefix: #n( +
gensyms / uids +
external syntax for the eof object, e.g., #!eof +
external syntax for the unspecified value, e.g., #!unspecified +
SRFI 0 cond-expand +
homogeneous numeric vectors +
weak pointers +
support for regular expressions +

+ +

+ + + + +

5. Mutability of pairs

+ + + + +

+Although set-car! and set-cdr! were previously +reaffirmed (Section 4.7), the editors have decided to +reconsider whether pairs should be immutable in R⁶RS. +Members of the Scheme community wishing to weigh in on the issue +should contact one of the editors. + +

+Making pairs immutable would simplify argument error checks for some +list-processing operations, simplify the list? predicate, allow +apply not to copy the input list when invoking a procedure with a +dot interface, and allow program improvers to perform deforestation, i.e., +to eliminate some of the intermediate lists allocated when nested mapping, +reversing, appending and similar operations are used. +User-defined record types can be used in place of pairs whenever a mutable +data structure is required. + +

+On the other hand, making pairs immutable is an incompatible change that +would break some existing programs, and mutable pairs are natural building +blocks for various abstractions, like queues and streams. + + +

+A more radical change is to require that the second argument to +cons be a list, i.e., the empty list or a pair. +This would make list? constant time and further simplify argument +error checks for some list-processing operations. +Pairs would become useful only as building blocks for lists, and records +(or vectors) would have to be used for most other purposes for which pairs +are currently used. + +

+ + + + +

6. Reference implementations

+ + + + +

+The editors will publish, along with the revised report proper, +nonnormative, portable (with implementation-dependent hooks as necessary), +and reasonably efficient reference implementations of the major subsystems +of R⁶RS, including the library, record, Unicode, arithmetic, +exceptions, I/O, and macro subsystems. +The editors may publish reference implementations of selected +additional features as well. + +

+ + + + +

7. Work in Progress

+ + + + +

+Most of the standardization effort is currently focused on several +subsystems. +Sections 7.1-7.8 list for +each subsystem any informal requirements the editors have +identified, the current status, and open questions. + +

+In several cases, a subsystem is up for discussion as a SRFI in order to +give the editors a chance to inform the community of the ongoing work +and obtain valuable feedback from the community. +The final mechanism adopted for R⁶RS may, however, differ in minor +or significant ways from the published SRFI. + +

+A list of other items up for consideration is given in +Section 7.9. +These have not received as much attention to date, usually because they +involve less complex or far-reaching changes or are considered to be of +lower priority. + +

+ + + + +

7.1. Libraries

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + support distribution of portable libraries, + support identification of library location, + namespace management, + export/import of macros, + permit separate but dependent analysis and compilation, + support generation of efficient compiled code, + ability to define new libraries. + +

+Support for libraries is under community discussion via +SRFI 83 (R6RS +Library Syntax). +Two big issues have arisen: the need to clarify phases, +e.g., for compile-time modules that import at +compile-time, and how library names are written +(coding as strings is controversial). +Still up in the air are the extent to which the syntax of +import and export forms is tied down, +what built-in libraries besides r6rs there might +be, and how to support subsetting and supersetting of libraries. + +

+ + + + +

7.2. Records

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + disjoint types, + syntactic interface, + mutable fields. + +

+Support for records will be based on +SRFI 76 (R6RS Records), +which has now been withdrawn as planned after revisions based in part on +community input. +While the SRFI did not fully specify the generativity of ordinary record +definitions, we have decided that they should be "run-time" generative +unless declared nongenerative. +We have also eliminated the restriction +that the parent of a nongenerative record be a nongenerative record, +and we decided to keep the "sealed" feature. + +

+Additionally, we have decided to allow an implementation to treat any or +all of its built-in types as records, i.e., record? may or may +not return true for an object of a built-in type. + + +

+ + + + +

7.3. Unicode

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + provision for Unicode characters and + character syntax, Unicode strings and string syntax; Unicode + character I/O; integer->char and char->integer are inverse + operations and support Unicode-specific text encodings; + write/read invariance for every datum, including symbols. + +

+Support for Unicode will be based on +SRFI 75 (R6RS Unicode +data), which has now been withdrawn as planned after revisions based in +part on community input. +See http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-75/mail-archive/msg00309.html +for a discussion of probable differences between the withdrawn +SRFI and R⁶RS. + +

+ + + + +

7.4. Arithmetic

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + support for IEEE zeros, infinities, and NaNs, + clean up behavior of eqv? wrt numbers, + fix certain arithmetic operations, + transparency. + +

+Changes for R⁶RS arithmetic, including support for fixnum-specific, +flonum-specific, and bitwise operators and IEEE arithmetic, are under +community discussion via +SRFI 77 (Preliminary +Proposal for R6RS Arithmetic), which has recently been revised based in +part on community input. + +

+ + + + +

7.5. Exceptions

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + clarify the meaning of "is an error," + view exception handling as a means of communication between + parts of the program. + +

+The editors have decided to adopt +SRFI 34 (Exception Handling +for Programs) as the basis for the R⁶RS exception-handling system and +SRFI 35 (Conditions) as the +basis for the R⁶RS condition system. + +

+ + + + +

7.6. I/O

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + read-byte and write-byte, + ports that support binary I/O, + byte-vector datatype, + block read/write operations. + +

+The editors have decided to adopt +SRFI 79 (Primitive I/O) and +SRFI 81 (Port I/O) as the +basis for the R⁶RS I/O system. + +

+The byte-vector datatype requirement is addressed by the binary block +datatype (Section 7.8). + +

+ + + + +

7.7. Macros

+ + + + +

+Informal requirements: + specify expansion semantics, + specify interaction with modules, + allow procedural transformers, + hygiene-breaking operations, + maintain support for syntax-rules. + +

+The editors have decided to adopt syntax-case as currently +implemented in Chez Scheme and MzScheme, with various differences +to be worked out by Dybvig and Flatt. +Also, the underscore identifier ("_") will no longer be +a pattern variable but instead a special identifier that matches +any input, and underscore will be allowed in place of the keyword +naming a macro in a syntax-rules pattern. + +

+SRFI 93 (R6RS Syntax-Case +Macros) has recently been submitted. + +

+ + + + +

7.8. Binary block datatype

+ + + + +

+The editors have decided to adopt +SRFI 74 (Octet-Addressed +Binary Blocks) as the basis for byte-vector functionality in R⁶RS, +with the name bytes replaces the name blob. +In contrast with the SRFI, the contents of +(make-bytes n) is unspecified and an +optional fill argument has been added, as +with make-string and make-vector. + +

+ + + + +

7.9. Other possible changes

+ + + + +

+The following possible features and changes have been discussed without +resolution. + +

improving the semantics of eqv? and equal? +
support for file operations +
support system operations +
support for enumerations +
changes to eval to reflect the existence of libraries and + other R⁶RS changes +

+ +

+ + + + +

8. Completion Process

+ + + + +

+We intend to deliver a draft R⁶RS to the Steering Committee by +September 1, 2006. +An initial internal (editors only) draft of R6RS has been created and +reflects most of the decisions the editors have made to date. +This draft will be updated as work wraps up on the major subsystems and +other issues. + +

+For each of the subsystems, the core/library split, and the safe/unsafe +mode mechanism and semantics, we have assigned +a single editor to be responsible for ensuring progress. +We have also assigned one or more additional editors to help. +These assignments are shown below. + +

+subsystem	primary editor	additional editors
+libraries	Flatt	Dybvig
+records	Sperber	Dybvig, van Straaten
+arithmetic	Clinger	Sperber
+Unicode	Flatt	Clinger
+macros	Dybvig	Flatt
+exceptions	Sperber	Clinger
+I/O	Sperber	van Straaten
+byte vectors	Sperber	Clinger
+core/library split	van Straaten	Dybvig
+hash tables	van Straaten	Clinger
+safe/unsafe mode	Clinger	Sperber
+

+ + +

+At this point, our discussions will be limited mostly to the major +subsystems and the other possible features and changes described in +Section 7.9. +New issues may also be considered if this can be done without +jeopardizing our goal to submit a draft R⁶RS to the steering +committee by the target deadline. + +

+Responsibility for making sure that the editors complete their work and +communicate effectively lies with the chair (Dybvig) and responsibility +for completing the R⁶RS draft lies with the project editor (Sperber). + +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status-jun06.pdf b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status-jun06.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e0b8c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status-jun06.pdf differ diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status.css b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ce783f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-jun-2006/status.css @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +body {background-color: #FFFFFF} + +a:link, a:active, a:visited {color:blue} +a:hover {color:white; background:blue} +a.plain:link, a.plain:active, a.plain:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a.plain:hover {color:white; text-decoration:none; background:blue} + +table.indent {margin-left: 20px} + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-mar-2006.html b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-mar-2006.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..51f1a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-mar-2006.html @@ -0,0 +1,677 @@ + + + + + +R6RS Status Report + + + + + + + +

R6RS Status Report

Kent Dybvig, Will Clinger, Matthew Flatt, Mike Sperber, and Anton van Straaten

February 24, 2006

+ + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
1. Overview
2. Guiding Principles
3. Decisions
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3.1. Structural changes
3.2. Features eliminated
3.3. Changes
3.4. Features added
3.5. Features to be added
3.6. Reaffirmations
3.7. Beyond R⁶RS
4. Work in Progress
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
4.1. Libraries
4.2. Records
4.3. Unicode
4.4. Arithmetic
4.5. Exceptions
4.6. I/O
4.7. Macros
4.8. Other possible changes
5. Completion Process
+ + +

+ + + +

1. Overview

+ + + +

2. Guiding Principles

+ + + +

+To help guide the standardization effort, the editors have adopted a +set of principles, presented below. +They are, like R⁶RS itself, a work in progress and still subject +to change. + +

+Like R⁵RS Scheme, R⁶RS Scheme should: + +

derive its power from simplicity, a small number of generally + useful core syntactic forms and procedures, and no unnecessary + restrictions on how they are composed; + +
+
allow programs to define new procedures and new hygienic + syntactic forms; + +
+
support the traditional s-expression representation of program + source code as data; + +
+
make procedure calls powerful enough to express any form of + sequential control, and allow programs to perform non-local control + operations without the use of global program transformations; + +
+
allow interesting, purely functional programs to run indefinitely + without terminating or running out of memory on finite-memory + machines; + +
+
allow educators to use the language to teach programming + effectively, at various levels and with a variety of pedagogical + approaches; +and + +
+
allow researchers to use the language to explore the design, + implementation, and semantics of programming languages. +

+ +

+In addition, R⁶RS Scheme should: + +

allow programmers to create and distribute substantial + programs and libraries, e.g., SRFI implementations, that run + without modification in a variety of Scheme implementations; + +
+
support procedural, syntactic, and data abstraction more fully + by allowing programs to define hygiene-bending and hygiene-breaking + syntactic abstractions and new unique datatypes along with + procedures and hygienic macros in any scope; + +
+
allow programmers to rely on a level of automatic run-time type + and bounds checking sufficient to ensure type safety while also + providing a standard way to declare whether such checks are + desired; +and + +
+
allow implementations to generate efficient code, without requiring + programmers to use implementation-specific operators or + declarations. +

+ +

+ + + +

3. Decisions

+ + + +

+This section outlines the decisions made to date. + +

+ + + +

3.1. Structural changes

+ + + +

+R6RS will consist of a core language and set of separate libraries. + + +

+The following features are definitely in the core language: + +

none yet identified +

+ +

+The following features are definitely in a separate library. + +

delay and force +
hash tables (see Section 3.5) +

+ +

+ + + +

3.2. Features eliminated

+ + + +

+The following features have been eliminated. + +

transcript-on and transcript-off +

+ +

+ + + +

3.3. Changes

+ + + +

+The following syntactic and semantic changes have been made to existing +features. + +

syntax is case sensitive +
internal defines now follow letrec* semantics +
there is now a single unique end-of-file object +

+ +

+ + + +

3.4. Features added

+ + + +

+The following features have been added. + +

letrec* (letrec with left-to-right evaluation order) +
block comments bracketed by #| and |# +
expression comments prefixed by #; +
matched square brackets ("[" and "]"); + equivalent to matched parentheses for list data and + list-structured forms +
allow symbols to start with -> +
eof-object constructor to obtain the end-of-file object +
require continuations created by begin to accept any number + of values +

+ +

+ + + +

3.5. Features to be added

+ + + +

+The following features will be added once the details have been worked out. + +

top-level libraries +
record types and record definitions +
exception handling +
safe (default) and unsafe modes +
syntax-case macros +
hash tables (as a library) +
Unicode support +
new string escape characters, including \n for newline + (part of Unicode support) +
serialization (read-write invariance) for every datum + (part of Unicode support) +

+ +

+ + + +

3.6. Reaffirmations

+ + + +

+The following features of R⁵RS are reaffirmed for R⁶RS. + +

support for multiple values +
unspecified evaluation order for applications, let bindings, and letrec bindings +
set-car! and set-cdr! +

+ +

+ + + +

3.7. Beyond R⁶RS

+ + + +

+The following features are definitely not under consideration for R⁶RS. + +

processes +
network programming +
object-oriented programming +
box datatype +

+ +

+ + + +

4. Work in Progress

+ + + +

+Most of the standardization effort is currently focused on several +subsystems: libraries, records, Unicode, arithmetic, exceptions, I/O, +modules, and hash tables. +Sections 4.1-4.7 list for +each subsystem a set of informal requirements the editors have +identified, the current status, and open questions. + +

+A list of other items up for consideration is given in +Section 4.8. +These have not received as much attention to date, usually because they +involve less complex or far-reaching changes or are considered to be of +lower priority. + +

+ + + +

4.1. Libraries

+ + + +

+Support for libraries is under community discussion via SRFI 83. +Two big issues have arisen: the need to clarify phases, +e.g., for compile-time modules that import at +compile-time, and how library names are written +(coding as strings is controversial). +Still up in the air are the extent to which the syntax of +import and export forms is tied down, +what built-in libraries besides r6rs there might +be, and whether there is to be support for user-defined +libraries. + +

+ + + +

4.2. Records

+ + + +

+Informal requirements: + disjoint types, + syntactic interface, + mutable fields. + +

+Support for records is under community discussion via SRFI 76. +Still to be settled is whether generativity should be specified, +e.g., as expand-time or run-time and also whether to elide or +provide a rationale for the "sealed" feature. + +

+ + + +

4.3. Unicode

+ + + +

+Support for Unicode is under community discussion via SRFI 75. +Open issues include what normalization and character representation +to use. +We will probably use normalization form "C," and +Scheme characters will likely correspond to Unicode scalar values +(which can be represented by a 21-bit fixed-length encoding, but +other representations are also possible). + +

+ + + +

4.4. Arithmetic

+ + + +

+Informal requirements: + support for IEEE zeros, infinities, and NaNs, + clean up behavior of eqv? wrt numbers, + fix certain arithmetic operations, + transparency. + +

+Changes for R⁶RS arithmetic are under community discussion via SRFI 77. +There is general agreement to require the full tower and to +require that real? implies an exact zero imaginary part. +Among the open questions are whether fixnum, flonum, exact-only, +and inexact-only operations should be in separate libraries rather +than in the core language. + +

+ + + +

4.5. Exceptions

+ + + +

+Informal requirements: + clarify the meaning of "is an error," + view exception handling as a means of communication between + parts of the program. + +

+Proposals for this subsystem are currently under discussion. +No R⁶RS-specific SRFIs have been published, and no decisions have +been made. +There is, however, general agreement to use SRFI 34 as a basis for +the R⁶RS exception-handling system. + +

+ + + +

4.6. I/O

+ + + +

+Informal requirements: + read-byte and write-byte, + ports that support binary I/O, + byte vectors, + block read/write operations. + +

+This subsystem actually addresses two separable issues here: potential +additions changes to I/O and the inclusion of a byte-vector datatype. +The byte-vector datatype is necessary to support block read/write +operations. + +

+Proposals for this subsystem are currently under discussion. +No R⁶RS-specific SRFIs have been published, and no decisions have +been made. + +

+ + + +

4.7. Macros

+ + + +

+Informal requirements: + specify expansion semantics, + specify interaction with modules, + allow procedural transformers, + hygiene-breaking operations, + maintain support for syntax-rules. + +

+The editors have decided to adopt syntax-case as currently +implemented in Chez Scheme and Dr. Scheme, with various differences +to be worked out by Dybvig and Flatt. +Also, the underscore identifier ("_") will no longer be +a pattern variable but instead a special identifier that matches +any input, and underscore will be allowed in place of the keyword +naming a macro in a syntax-rules pattern. + + +

+ + + +

4.8. Other possible changes

+ + + +

+The following possible features and changes have been discussed without +resolution. + +

external representation for (possibly cyclic) graph structures +
syntax for the eof-object, if any +
whether #t, #f, and characters must be followed by a delimiter +
case-lambda +
cond-expand +
improving the semantics of eqv? and equal? +
bitwise operations on exact integers +
homogeneous numeric vectors +
support for file operations +
support for regular expressions +
support system operations +
formatted output +
making quotation of empty list optional +
adding support for weak pointers +
adding a void object to replace the "unspecified value" +
support for gensyms and uids +
let-values or other multiple-value binding construct(s) +
R⁵RS compatibility library +

+ + +

+ + + +

5. Completion Process

+ + + +

+We intend to deliver a draft R⁶RS to the Steering Committee by +September 1, 2006. +In order to meet this target, we plan to wrap up work on the various +subsystems, decide on the core language/library split, and create a +rough internal (editors only) draft of the R⁶RS by mid-June. + +

+subsystem	primary editor	additional editors
+libraries	Flatt	Dybvig
+records	Sperber	Dybvig, van Straaten
+arithmetic	Clinger	Sperber
+Unicode	Flatt	Clinger
+macros	Dybvig	Flatt
+exceptions	Sperber	Clinger
+I/O	Sperber	van Straaten
+core/library split	van Straaten	Dybvig
+hash tables	van Straaten	Clinger
+safe/unsafe mode	Clinger	Sperber
+

+ + +

+As time permits, we will also discuss as a group the other possible +features and changes described in Section 4.8, +as well as additional ones that may arise, and decide which are to be +incorporated into R⁶RS. + +

+Responsibility for making sure that the editors complete their work and +communicate effectively lies with the chair (Dybvig) and responsibility +for creating the R⁶RS drafts lies with the project editor (Sperber). + +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-mar-2006.pdf b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-mar-2006.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7e9752 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/Documents/Standards/Charter/status-mar-2006.pdf differ diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/index.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df02ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + + + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/navigation.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/navigation.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f45393 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/navigation.html @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + + +

R5RS

+ +

Summary +
Introduction +
- Background +
- Acknowledgements +
+

1 Overview of Scheme +
+
2 Lexical conventions +
1. 2.1 Identifiers +
2. 2.2 Whitespace and comments +
3. 2.3 Other notations +
+
3 Basic concepts +
+
4 Expressions +
1. 4.1 Primitive expression types +
  1. 4.1.1 Variable references +
  2. 4.1.2 Literal expressions +
  3. 4.1.3 Procedure calls +
  4. 4.1.4 Procedures +
  5. 4.1.5 Conditionals +
  6. 4.1.6 Assignments +
  +
2. 4.2 Derived expression types +
  1. 4.2.1 Conditionals +
  2. 4.2.2 Binding constructs +
  3. 4.2.3 Sequencing +
  4. 4.2.4 Iteration +
  5. 4.2.5 Delayed evaluation +
  6. 4.2.6 Quasiquotation +
  +
3. 4.3 Macros +
  1. 4.3.1 Binding constructs for syntactic keywords +
  2. 4.3.2 Pattern language +
  +
+
5 Program structure +
1. 5.1 Programs +
2. 5.2 Definitions +
  1. 5.2.1 Top level definitions +
  2. 5.2.2 Internal definitions +
  +
3. 5.3 Syntax definitions +
+
6 Standard procedures +
1. 6.1 Equivalence predicates +
2. 6.2 Numbers +
  +
3. 6.3 Other data types +
  1. 6.3.1 Booleans +
  2. 6.3.2 Pairs and lists +
  3. 6.3.3 Symbols +
  4. 6.3.4 Characters +
  5. 6.3.5 Strings +
  6. 6.3.6 Vectors +
  +
4. 6.4 Control features +
5. 6.5 Eval +
6. 6.6 Input and output +
  1. 6.6.1 Ports +
  2. 6.6.2 Input +
  3. 6.6.3 Output +
  4. 6.6.4 System interface +
  +
+
7 Formal syntax and semantics +
1. 7.1 Formal syntax +
  1. 7.1.1 Lexical structure +
  2. 7.1.2 External representations +
  3. 7.1.3 Expressions +
  4. 7.1.4 Quasiquotations +
  5. 7.1.5 Transformers +
  6. 7.1.6 Programs and definitions +
  +
2. 7.2 Formal semantics +
  1. 7.2.1 Abstract syntax +
  2. 7.2.2 Domain equations +
  3. 7.2.3 Semantic functions +
  4. 7.2.4 Auxiliary functions +
  +
3. 7.3 Derived expression types +
+

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-C.css b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-C.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b8941c --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-C.css @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ + + +body { + color: black; + background-color: #e5e5e5; +/*background-color: beige;*/ + margin-top: 2em; + margin-left: 8%; + margin-right: 8%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + margin-top: .5em; +} + +.partheading { + font-size: 70%; +} + +.chapterheading { + font-size: 70%; +} + +pre { + margin-left: 2em; +} + +ol { + list-style-type: decimal; +} + +ol ol { + list-style-type: lower-alpha; +} + +ol ol ol { + list-style-type: lower-roman; +} + +ol ol ol ol { + list-style-type: upper-alpha; +} + +.scheme { + color: brown; +} + +.scheme .keyword { + color: #990000; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.scheme .builtin { + color: #990000; +} + +.scheme .variable { + color: navy; +} + +.scheme .global { + color: purple; +} + +.scheme .selfeval { + color: green; +} + 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+ + +

+

+Summary

+ +The report gives a defining description of the programming language +Scheme. Scheme is a statically scoped and properly tail-recursive +dialect of the Lisp programming language invented by Guy Lewis +Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. It was designed to have an +exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few different ways to +form expressions. A wide variety of programming paradigms, including +imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find convenient +expression in Scheme.

+ +The introduction offers a brief history of the language and of +the report.

+ +The first three chapters present the fundamental ideas of the +language and describe the notational conventions used for describing the +language and for writing programs in the language.

+ +Chapters 4 and 5 describe +the syntax and semantics of expressions, programs, and definitions.

+ +Chapter 6 describes Scheme's built-in +procedures, which include all of the language's data manipulation and +input/output primitives.

+ +Chapter 7 provides a formal syntax for Scheme +written in extended BNF, along with a formal denotational semantics. +An example of the use of the language follows the formal syntax and +semantics.

+ +The report concludes with a list of references and an +alphabetic index.

+ +

+ + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6426f76 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html @@ -0,0 +1,546 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 7
+Formal syntax and semantics

+ +

+ +This chapter provides formal descriptions of what has already been +described informally in previous chapters of this report.

+ +

+ + +

7.1 Formal syntax

+ +

+ +This section provides a formal syntax for Scheme written in an extended +BNF.

+ +All spaces in the grammar are for legibility. Case is insignificant; +for example, #x1A and #X1a are equivalent. <empty> +stands for the empty string.

+ +The following extensions to BNF are used to make the description more +concise: <thing>* means zero or more occurrences of +<thing>; and <thing>⁺ means at least one +<thing>.

+ + +

7.1.1 Lexical structure

+ +This section describes how individual tokens (identifiers, +numbers, etc.) are formed from sequences of characters. The following +sections describe how expressions and programs are formed from sequences +of tokens.

+ +<Intertoken space> may occur on either side of any token, but not +within a token.

+ +Tokens which require implicit termination (identifiers, numbers, +characters, and dot) may be terminated by any <delimiter>, but not +necessarily by anything else.

+ +The following five characters are reserved for future extensions to the +language: [ ] { } |

+ +

+ + +

+ +

+ +The following rules for <num R>, <complex R>, <real +R>, <ureal R>, <uinteger R>, and <prefix R> +should be replicated for R = 2, 8, 10, +and 16. There are no rules for <decimal 2>, <decimal +8>, and <decimal 16>, which means that numbers containing +decimal points or exponents must be in decimal radix. +

+ +

+ + +

7.1.2 External representations

+ +

+ +<Datum> is what the read procedure (section 6.6.2) +successfully parses. Note that any string that parses as an +<expression> will also parse as a <datum>.

+ +

+ + +

7.1.3 Expressions

+ +

+ + +

7.1.4 Quasiquotations

+ +The following grammar for quasiquote expressions is not context-free. +It is presented as a recipe for generating an infinite number of +production rules. Imagine a copy of the following rules for D = 1, 2, +3, .... D keeps track of the nesting depth.

+ +

+ +In <quasiquotation>s, a <list qq template D> can sometimes +be confused with either an <unquotation D> or a <splicing +unquotation D>. The interpretation as an +<unquotation> or <splicing +unquotation D> takes precedence.

+ + +

7.1.5 Transformers

+ +

+ + +

7.1.6 Programs and definitions

+ +

7.2 Formal semantics

+ +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + +This section provides a formal denotational semantics for the primitive +expressions of Scheme and selected built-in procedures. The concepts +and notation used here are described in [29]; the notation is +summarized below:

+ +

+ +The reason that expression continuations take sequences of values instead +of single values is to simplify the formal treatment of procedure calls +and multiple return values.

+ +The boolean flag associated with pairs, vectors, and strings will be true +for mutable objects and false for immutable objects.

+ +The order of evaluation within a call is unspecified. We mimic that +here by applying arbitrary permutations permute and unpermute, which must be inverses, to the arguments in a call before +and after they are evaluated. This is not quite right since it suggests, +incorrectly, that the order of evaluation is constant throughout a program (for +any given number of arguments), but it is a closer approximation to the intended +semantics than a left-to-right evaluation would be.

+ +The storage allocator new is implementation-dependent, but it must +obey the following axiom: if new L, then + (new | L) 2 = false.

+ + + + +

+ +The definition of is omitted because an accurate definition of + would complicate the semantics without being very interesting.

+ +If P is a program in which all variables are defined before being +referenced or assigned, then the meaning of P is +

+where I* is the sequence of variables defined in P, P' +is the sequence of expressions obtained by replacing every definition +in P by an assignment, <undefined> is an expression that evaluates +to undefined, and + is the semantic function that assigns meaning to expressions.

+ +

+ + +

7.2.1 Abstract syntax

+ + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ + +

7.2.2 Domain equations

+ +

+ + +

7.2.3 Semantic functions

+ + + +

+ +

+ + + + +

+ +

+ +Definition of deliberately omitted.

+ +

+ +Here and elsewhere, any expressed value other than undefined may +be used in place of unspecified.

+ +

+ + + +

7.2.4 Auxiliary functions

+ +

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

7.3 Derived expression types

+ +

+ +This section gives macro definitions for the derived expression types in +terms of the primitive expression types (literal, variable, call, lambda, +if, set!). See section 6.4 for a possible +definition of delay.

+ +

(define-syntax cond + (syntax-rules (else =>) + ((cond (else result1 result2 ...)) + (begin result1 result2 ...)) + ((cond (test => result)) + (let ((temp test)) + (if temp (result temp)))) + ((cond (test => result) clause1 clause2 ...) + (let ((temp test)) + (if temp + (result temp) + (cond clause1 clause2 ...)))) + ((cond (test)) test) + ((cond (test) clause1 clause2 ...) + (let ((temp test)) + (if temp + temp + (cond clause1 clause2 ...)))) + ((cond (test result1 result2 ...)) + (if test (begin result1 result2 ...))) + ((cond (test result1 result2 ...) + clause1 clause2 ...) + (if test + (begin result1 result2 ...) + (cond clause1 clause2 ...))))) +

+ +

(define-syntax case + (syntax-rules (else) + ((case (key ...) + clauses ...) + (let ((atom-key (key ...))) + (case atom-key clauses ...))) + ((case key + (else result1 result2 ...)) + (begin result1 result2 ...)) + ((case key + ((atoms ...) result1 result2 ...)) + (if (memv key '(atoms ...)) + (begin result1 result2 ...))) + ((case key + ((atoms ...) result1 result2 ...) + clause clauses ...) + (if (memv key '(atoms ...)) + (begin result1 result2 ...) + (case key clause clauses ...))))) +

+ +

(define-syntax and + (syntax-rules () + ((and) #t) + ((and test) test) + ((and test1 test2 ...) + (if test1 (and test2 ...) #f)))) +

+ +

(define-syntax or + (syntax-rules () + ((or) #f) + ((or test) test) + ((or test1 test2 ...) + (let ((x test1)) + (if x x (or test2 ...)))))) +

+ +

(define-syntax let + (syntax-rules () + ((let ((name val) ...) body1 body2 ...) + ((lambda (name ...) body1 body2 ...) + val ...)) + ((let tag ((name val) ...) body1 body2 ...) + ((letrec ((tag (lambda (name ...) + body1 body2 ...))) + tag) + val ...)))) +

+ +

(define-syntax let* + (syntax-rules () + ((let* () body1 body2 ...) + (let () body1 body2 ...)) + ((let* ((name1 val1) (name2 val2) ...) + body1 body2 ...) + (let ((name1 val1)) + (let* ((name2 val2) ...) + body1 body2 ...))))) +

+ +The following letrec macro uses the symbol <undefined> +in place of an expression which returns something that when stored in +a location makes it an error to try to obtain the value stored in the +location (no such expression is defined in Scheme). +A trick is used to generate the temporary names needed to avoid +specifying the order in which the values are evaluated. +This could also be accomplished by using an auxiliary macro.

+ +

(define-syntax letrec + (syntax-rules () + ((letrec ((var1 init1) ...) body ...) + (letrec "generate_temp_names" + (var1 ...) + () + ((var1 init1) ...) + body ...)) + ((letrec "generate_temp_names" + () + (temp1 ...) + ((var1 init1) ...) + body ...) + (let ((var1 <undefined>) ...) + (let ((temp1 init1) ...) + (set! var1 temp1) + ... + body ...))) + ((letrec "generate_temp_names" + (x y ...) + (temp ...) + ((var1 init1) ...) + body ...) + (letrec "generate_temp_names" + (y ...) + (newtemp temp ...) + ((var1 init1) ...) + body ...)))) +

+ +

(define-syntax begin + (syntax-rules () + ((begin exp ...) + ((lambda () exp ...))))) +

+ +The following alternative expansion for begin does not make use of +the ability to write more than one expression in the body of a lambda +expression. In any case, note that these rules apply only if the body +of the begin contains no definitions.

+ +

(define-syntax begin + (syntax-rules () + ((begin exp) + exp) + ((begin exp1 exp2 ...) + (let ((x exp1)) + (begin exp2 ...))))) +

+ +The following definition +of do uses a trick to expand the variable clauses. +As with letrec above, an auxiliary macro would also work. +The expression (if #f #f) is used to obtain an unspecific +value.

+ +

(define-syntax do + (syntax-rules () + ((do ((var init step ...) ...) + (test expr ...) + command ...) + (letrec + ((loop + (lambda (var ...) + (if test + (begin + (if #f #f) + expr ...) + (begin + command + ... + (loop (do "step" var step ...) + ...)))))) + (loop init ...))) + ((do "step" x) + x) + ((do "step" x y) + y))) +

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-11.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-11.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31bc0c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-11.html @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Notes

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

Language changes

+ +

+ +This section enumerates the changes that have been made to Scheme since +the ``Revised⁴ report'' [6] was published.

+ +

The report is now a superset of the IEEE standard for Scheme +[13]: implementations that conform to the report will +also conform to the standard. This required the following changes: +
- The empty list is now required to count as true.
  + +
- The classification of features as essential or inessential has been +removed. There are now three classes of built-in procedures: primitive, +library, and optional. The optional procedures are load, +with-input-from-file, with-output-to-file, +transcript-on, transcript-off, and +interaction-environment, +and - and / with more than two arguments. +None of these are in the IEEE standard.
  + +
- Programs are allowed to redefine built-in procedures. Doing so +will not change the behavior of other built-in procedures. +
+ +
Port has been added to the list of disjoint types.
+ +
The macro appendix has been removed. High-level macros are now part +of the main body of the report. The rewrite rules for derived expressions +have been replaced with macro definitions. There are no reserved identifiers.
+ +
Syntax-rules now allows vector patterns.
+ +
Multiple-value returns, eval, and dynamic-wind have +been added.
+ +
The calls that are required to be implemented in a properly tail-recursive +fashion are defined explicitly.
+ +
`@' can be used within identifiers. `|' is reserved +for possible future extensions.
+ +

+ + + +

+ + +

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-12.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-12.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ef3028 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-12.html @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Additional material

+ + +

+ +The Internet Scheme Repository at +

+ +http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/ +

+ +contains an extensive Scheme bibliography, as well as papers, +programs, implementations, and other material related to Scheme. +

+ + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-13.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-13.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fd65f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-13.html @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Example

+ + +

+Integrate-system integrates the system +

+of differential equations with the method of Runge-Kutta.

+ +The parameter system-derivative is a function that takes a system +state (a vector of values for the state variables y₁, ..., y_n) +and produces a system derivative (the values y₁^/, ..., +y_n^/). The parameter initial-state provides an initial +system state, and h is an initial guess for the length of the +integration step.

+ +The value returned by integrate-system is an infinite stream of +system states.

+ +

(define integrate-system + (lambda (system-derivative initial-state h) + (let ((next (runge-kutta-4 system-derivative h))) + (letrec ((states + (cons initial-state + (delay (map-streams next + states))))) + states))))

+ +Runge-Kutta-4 takes a function, f, that produces a +system derivative from a system state. Runge-Kutta-4 +produces a function that takes a system state and +produces a new system state.

+ +

(define runge-kutta-4 + (lambda (f h) + (let ((*h (scale-vector h)) + (*2 (scale-vector 2)) + (*1/2 (scale-vector (/ 1 2))) + (*1/6 (scale-vector (/ 1 6)))) + (lambda (y) + ;; y is a system state + (let* ((k0 (*h (f y))) + (k1 (*h (f (add-vectors y (*1/2 k0))))) + (k2 (*h (f (add-vectors y (*1/2 k1))))) + (k3 (*h (f (add-vectors y k2))))) + (add-vectors y + (*1/6 (add-vectors k0 + (*2 k1) + (*2 k2) + k3)))))))) + +(define elementwise + (lambda (f) + (lambda vectors + (generate-vector + (vector-length (car vectors)) + (lambda (i) + (apply f + (map (lambda (v) (vector-ref v i)) + vectors))))))) + +(define generate-vector + (lambda (size proc) + (let ((ans (make-vector size))) + (letrec ((loop + (lambda (i) + (cond ((= i size) ans) + (else + (vector-set! ans i (proc i)) + (loop (+ i 1))))))) + (loop 0))))) + +(define add-vectors (elementwise +)) + +(define scale-vector + (lambda (s) + (elementwise (lambda (x) (* x s)))))

+ +Map-streams is analogous to map: it applies its first +argument (a procedure) to all the elements of its second argument (a +stream).

+ +

(define map-streams + (lambda (f s) + (cons (f (head s)) + (delay (map-streams f (tail s))))))

+ +Infinite streams are implemented as pairs whose car holds the first +element of the stream and whose cdr holds a promise to deliver the rest +of the stream.

+ +

(define head car) +(define tail + (lambda (stream) (force (cdr stream))))

+ +

The following illustrates the use of integrate-system in +integrating the system +

+which models a damped oscillator.

+ +

(define damped-oscillator + (lambda (R L C) + (lambda (state) + (let ((Vc (vector-ref state 0)) + (Il (vector-ref state 1))) + (vector (- 0 (+ (/ Vc (* R C)) (/ Il C))) + (/ Vc L)))))) + +(define the-states + (integrate-system + (damped-oscillator 10000 1000 .001) + '#(1 0) + .01))

+ +

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-14.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-14.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f8e6da --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-14.html @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Bibliography

+ + +
+ +
[1]   +Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. +Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, second edition. +MIT Press, Cambridge, 1996.
+ +
[2]   Alan Bawden and Jonathan Rees. +Syntactic closures. +In Proceedings of the 1988 ACM Symposium on Lisp and +Functional Programming, pages 86-95.
+ +
[3]   +Robert G. Burger and R. Kent Dybvig. +Printing floating-point numbers quickly and accurately. +In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '96 Conference +on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pages 108-116.
+ +
[4]   +William Clinger, editor. +The revised revised report on Scheme, or an uncommon Lisp. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 848, August 1985. +Also published as Computer Science Department Technical Report 174, +Indiana University, June 1985.
+ +
[5]   William Clinger. +How to read floating point numbers accurately. +In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '90 Conference +on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pages 92-101. +Proceedings published as SIGPLAN Notices 25(6), June 1990.
+ +
[6]   +William Clinger and Jonathan Rees, editors. +The revised⁴ report on the algorithmic language Scheme. +In ACM Lisp Pointers 4(3), pages 1-55, 1991.
+ +
[7]   William Clinger and Jonathan Rees. +Macros that work. +In Proceedings of the 1991 ACM Conference on Principles of +Programming Languages, pages 155-162.
+ +
[8]   William Clinger. +Proper Tail Recursion and Space Efficiency. +To appear in Proceedings of the 1998 ACM Conference on Programming +Language Design and Implementation, June 1998.
+ +
[9]   +R. Kent Dybvig, Robert Hieb, and Carl Bruggeman. +Syntactic abstraction in Scheme. +Lisp and Symbolic Computation 5(4):295-326, 1993.
+ +
[10]   +Carol Fessenden, William Clinger, Daniel P. Friedman, and Christopher Haynes. +Scheme 311 version 4 reference manual. +Indiana University Computer Science Technical Report 137, February 1983. +Superseded by [11].
+ +
[11]   +D. Friedman, C. Haynes, E. Kohlbecker, and M. Wand. +Scheme 84 interim reference manual. +Indiana University Computer Science Technical Report 153, January 1985.
+ +
[12]   +IEEE Standard 754-1985. IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point +Arithmetic. IEEE, New York, 1985.
+ +
[13]   +IEEE Standard 1178-1990. IEEE Standard for the Scheme +Programming Language. IEEE, New York, 1991.
+ +
[14]   +Eugene E. Kohlbecker Jr. +Syntactic Extensions in the Programming Language Lisp. +PhD thesis, Indiana University, August 1986.
+ +
[15]   +Eugene E. Kohlbecker Jr., Daniel P. Friedman, Matthias Felleisen, and Bruce Duba. +Hygienic macro expansion. +In Proceedings of the 1986 ACM Conference on Lisp +and Functional Programming, pages 151-161.
+ +
[16]   +Peter Landin. +A correspondence between Algol 60 and Church's lambda notation: Part I. +Communications of the ACM 8(2):89-101, February 1965.
+ +
[17]   +MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. +Scheme manual, seventh edition. +September 1984.
+ +
[18]   +Peter Naur et al. +Revised report on the algorithmic language Algol 60. +Communications of the ACM 6(1):1-17, January 1963.
+ +
[19]   +Paul Penfield, Jr. +Principal values and branch cuts in complex APL. +In APL '81 Conference Proceedings, pages 248-256. +ACM SIGAPL, San Francisco, September 1981. +Proceedings published as APL Quote Quad 12(1), ACM, September 1981.
+ +
[20]   +Kent M. Pitman. +The revised MacLisp manual (Saturday evening edition). +MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Technical Report 295, May 1983.
+ +
[21]   +Jonathan A. Rees and Norman I. Adams IV. +T: A dialect of Lisp or, lambda: The ultimate software tool. +In Conference Record of the 1982 ACM Symposium on Lisp and +Functional Programming, pages 114-122.
+ +
[22]   +Jonathan A. Rees, Norman I. Adams IV, and James R. Meehan. +The T manual, fourth edition. +Yale University Computer Science Department, January 1984.
+ +
[23]   +Jonathan Rees and William Clinger, editors. +The revised³ report on the algorithmic language Scheme. +In ACM SIGPLAN Notices 21(12), pages 37-79, December 1986.
+ +
[24]   +John Reynolds. +Definitional interpreters for higher order programming languages. +In ACM Conference Proceedings, pages 717-740. +ACM, 1972.
+ +
[25]   +Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. +The revised report on Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 452, January 1978.
+ +
[26]   +Guy Lewis Steele Jr. +Rabbit: a compiler for Scheme. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Technical Report 474, May 1978.
+ +
[27]   +Guy Lewis Steele Jr. +Common Lisp: The Language, second edition. +Digital Press, Burlington MA, 1990.
+ +
[28]   +Gerald Jay Sussman and Guy Lewis Steele Jr. +Scheme: an interpreter for extended lambda calculus. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 349, December 1975.
+ +
[29]   +Joseph E. Stoy. +Denotational Semantics: The Scott-Strachey Approach to +Programming Language Theory. +MIT Press, Cambridge, 1977.
+ +
[30]   +Texas Instruments, Inc. +TI Scheme Language Reference Manual. +Preliminary version 1.0, November 1985.
+ +
+

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-15.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-15.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ed5256 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-15.html @@ -0,0 +1,430 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Alphabetic Index of Definitions of Concepts, +Keywords, and Procedures

+ + +

+ +

+ + +

+ +

+ +
+', [2]
+*
++, [2]
+,, [2]
+,@
+-
+...
+/
+;
+<, [2]
+<=
+=
+=>
+>
+>=
+`

+ +

+ +
+abs
+acos
+and
+angle
+append
+apply, [2]
+asin
+assoc
+assq
+assv
+atan

+ +

+ +
+#b
+backquote
+begin
+binding
+binding construct
+boolean?, [2]
+bound

+ +

+ +
+caar
+cadr
+call
+call by need
+call-with-current-continuation
+call-with-input-file
+call-with-output-file
+call-with-values
+car, [2]
+case
+cdddar
+cddddr
+cdr
+ceiling
+char->integer
+char-alphabetic?
+char-ci<=?
+char-ci<?
+char-ci=?
+char-ci>=?
+char-ci>?
+char-downcase
+char-lower-case?
+char-numeric?
+char-ready?
+char-upcase
+char-upper-case?
+char-whitespace?
+char<=?
+char<?
+char=?
+char>=?
+char>?
+char?, [2]
+close-input-port
+close-output-port
+combination
+comma
+comment
+complex?
+cond
+cons
+constant
+continuation
+cos
+current-input-port
+current-output-port

+ +

+ +
+#d
+define
+define-syntax
+definition
+delay
+denominator
+display
+do
+dotted pair
+dynamic-wind

+ +

+ +
+#e
+else, [2]
+empty list, [2], +[3], [4], +[5], [6], +[7]
+eof-object?
+eq?
+equal?
+equivalence predicate
+eqv?, [2]
+error
+escape procedure
+eval
+even?
+exact
+exact->inexact
+exact?
+exactness
+exp
+expt

+ +

+ +
+#f
+false, [2], +[3]
+floor
+for-each
+force

+ +

+ +
+gcd

+ +

+ +
+hygienic

+ +

+ +
+#i
+identifier, [2], +[3]
+if
+imag-part
+immutable
+implementation restriction, +[2]
+improper list
+inexact
+inexact->exact
+inexact?
+initial environment
+input-port?
+integer->char
+integer?
+interaction-environment
+internal definition

+ +

+ +
+keyword, [2]

+ +

+ +
+lambda
+lazy evaluation
+lcm
+length
+let
+let*
+let-syntax
+letrec
+letrec-syntax
+library
+library procedure
+list
+list->string
+list->vector
+list-ref
+list-tail
+list?
+load
+location
+log

+ +

+ +
+macro
+macro keyword
+macro transformer
+macro use
+magnitude
+make-polar
+make-rectangular
+make-string
+make-vector
+map
+max
+member
+memq
+memv
+min
+modulo
+mutable

+ +

+ +
+negative?
+newline
+not
+null-environment
+null?
+number
+number->string
+number?, [2]
+numerator
+numerical types

+ +

+ +
+#o
+object
+odd?
+open-input-file
+open-output-file
+optional
+or
+output-port?

+ +

+ +
+pair
+pair?, [2]
+peek-char
+port
+port?
+positive?
+predicate
+procedure call
+procedure?, [2]
+promise, [2]
+proper tail recursion

+ +

+ +
+quasiquote
+quote
+quotient

+ +

+ +
+rational?
+rationalize
+read
+read-char
+real-part
+real?
+referentially transparent
+region, [2], +[3], [4], +[5], [6], +[7]
+remainder
+reverse
+round

+ +

+ +
+scheme-report-environment
+set!
+set-car!
+set-cdr!
+setcar
+simplest rational
+sin
+sqrt
+string
+string->list
+string->number
+string->symbol
+string-append
+string-ci<=?
+string-ci<?
+string-ci=?
+string-ci>=?
+string-ci>?
+string-copy
+string-fill!
+string-length
+string-ref
+string-set!
+string<=?
+string<?
+string=?
+string>=?
+string>?
+string?, [2]
+substring
+symbol->string
+symbol?, [2]
+syntactic keyword, +[2], [3]
+syntax definition
+syntax-rules

+ +

+ +
+#t
+tail call
+tan
+token
+top level environment, +[2]
+transcript-off
+transcript-on
+true, [2], +[3], [4], +[5]
+truncate
+type

+ +

+ +
+unbound, [2], +[3]
+unspecified

+ +

+ +
+valid indexes, +[2]
+values
+variable, [2], +[3]
+vector
+vector->list
+vector-fill!
+vector-length
+vector-ref
+vector-set!
+vector?, [2]

+ +

+ +
+Whitespace
+with-input-from-file
+with-output-to-file
+write
+write-char

+ +

+ +
+#x

+ +

+ +
+zero?

+ + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-2.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbd8ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-2.html @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Contents

+ +

+ Summary
+

+ Introduction
+ Background
+ Acknowledgements
+

+ 1  Overview of Scheme
+ 1.1  Semantics
+ 1.2  Syntax
+ 1.3  Notation and terminology
+ 1.3.1  Primitive, library, and optional features
+ 1.3.2  Error situations and unspecified behavior
+ 1.3.3  Entry format
+ 1.3.4  Evaluation examples
+ 1.3.5  Naming conventions
+

+ 2  Lexical conventions
+ 2.1  Identifiers
+ 2.2  Whitespace and comments
+ 2.3  Other notations
+

+ 3  Basic concepts
+ 3.1  Variables, syntactic keywords, and regions
+ 3.2  Disjointness of types
+ 3.3  External representations
+ 3.4  Storage model
+ 3.5  Proper tail recursion
+

+ 4  Expressions
+ 4.1  Primitive expression types
+ 4.1.1  Variable references
+ 4.1.2  Literal expressions
+ 4.1.3  Procedure calls
+ 4.1.4  Procedures
+ 4.1.5  Conditionals
+ 4.1.6  Assignments
+ 4.2  Derived expression types
+ 4.2.1  Conditionals
+ 4.2.2  Binding constructs
+ 4.2.3  Sequencing
+ 4.2.4  Iteration
+ 4.2.5  Delayed evaluation
+ 4.2.6  Quasiquotation
+ 4.3  Macros
+ 4.3.1  Binding constructs for syntactic keywords
+ 4.3.2  Pattern language
+

+ 5  Program structure
+ 5.1  Programs
+ 5.2  Definitions
+ 5.2.1  Top level definitions
+ 5.2.2  Internal definitions
+ 5.3  Syntax definitions
+

+ 6  Standard procedures
+ 6.1  Equivalence predicates
+ 6.2  Numbers
+ 6.2.1  Numerical types
+ 6.2.2  Exactness
+ 6.2.3  Implementation restrictions
+ 6.2.4  Syntax of numerical constants
+ 6.2.5  Numerical operations
+ 6.2.6  Numerical input and output
+ 6.3  Other data types
+ 6.3.1  Booleans
+ 6.3.2  Pairs and lists
+ 6.3.3  Symbols
+ 6.3.4  Characters
+ 6.3.5  Strings
+ 6.3.6  Vectors
+ 6.4  Control features
+ 6.5  Eval
+ 6.6  Input and output
+ 6.6.1  Ports
+ 6.6.2  Input
+ 6.6.3  Output
+ 6.6.4  System interface
+

+ 7  Formal syntax and semantics
+ 7.1  Formal syntax
+ 7.1.1  Lexical structure
+ 7.1.2  External representations
+ 7.1.3  Expressions
+ 7.1.4  Quasiquotations
+ 7.1.5  Transformers
+ 7.1.6  Programs and definitions
+ 7.2  Formal semantics
+ 7.2.1  Abstract syntax
+ 7.2.2  Domain equations
+ 7.2.3  Semantic functions
+ 7.2.4  Auxiliary functions
+ 7.3  Derived expression types
+

+ Notes
+ Language changes
+

+ Additional material
+

+ Example
+

+ Bibliography
+

+ Alphabetic Index of Definitions of Concepts, +Keywords, and Procedures
+

+ +

+ + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-3.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-3.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f5d589 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-3.html @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+Introduction

+ + +

+ +

+ +Programming languages should be designed not by piling feature on top of +feature, but by removing the weaknesses and restrictions that make additional +features appear necessary. Scheme demonstrates that a very small number +of rules for forming expressions, with no restrictions on how they are +composed, suffice to form a practical and efficient programming language +that is flexible enough to support most of the major programming +paradigms in use today.

+ +Scheme +was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class +procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of +static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language. +Scheme was the first major dialect of Lisp to distinguish procedures +from lambda expressions and symbols, to use a single lexical +environment for all variables, and to evaluate the operator position +of a procedure call in the same way as an operand position. By relying +entirely on procedure calls to express iteration, Scheme emphasized the +fact that tail-recursive procedure calls are essentially goto's that +pass arguments. Scheme was the first widely used programming language to +embrace first class escape procedures, from which all previously known +sequential control structures can be synthesized. A subsequent +version of Scheme introduced the concept of exact and inexact numbers, +an extension of Common Lisp's generic arithmetic. +More recently, Scheme became the first programming language to support +hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language +to be extended in a consistent and reliable manner. + +

+ + +

Background

+ +The first description of Scheme was written in +1975 [28]. A revised report [25] + appeared in 1978, which described the evolution +of the language as its MIT implementation was upgraded to support an +innovative compiler [26]. Three distinct projects began in +1981 and 1982 to use variants of Scheme for courses at MIT, Yale, and +Indiana University [21, 17, 10]. An introductory +computer science textbook using Scheme was published in +1984 [1].

+ +As Scheme became more widespread, +local dialects began to diverge until students and researchers +occasionally found it difficult to understand code written at other +sites. +Fifteen representatives of the major implementations of Scheme therefore +met in October 1984 to work toward a better and more widely accepted +standard for Scheme. +Their report [4] +was published at MIT and Indiana University in the summer of 1985. +Further revision took place in the spring of 1986 [23], +and in the spring of 1988 [6]. +The present report reflects further revisions agreed upon in a meeting +at Xerox PARC in June 1992.

+ + +

+ +

+ +We intend this report to belong to the entire Scheme community, and so +we grant permission to copy it in whole or in part without fee. In +particular, we encourage implementors of Scheme to use this report as +a starting point for manuals and other documentation, modifying it as +necessary.

+ + +

Acknowledgements

+ +We would like to thank the following people for their help: Alan Bawden, Michael +Blair, George Carrette, Andy Cromarty, Pavel Curtis, Jeff Dalton, Olivier Danvy, +Ken Dickey, Bruce Duba, Marc Feeley, +Andy Freeman, Richard Gabriel, Yekta Gürsel, Ken Haase, Robert +Hieb, Paul Hudak, Morry Katz, Chris Lindblad, Mark Meyer, Jim Miller, Jim Philbin, +John Ramsdell, Mike Shaff, Jonathan Shapiro, Julie Sussman, +Perry Wagle, Daniel Weise, Henry Wu, and Ozan Yigit. +We thank Carol Fessenden, Daniel +Friedman, and Christopher Haynes for permission to use text from the Scheme 311 +version 4 reference manual. We thank Texas Instruments, Inc. for permission to +use text from the TI Scheme Language Reference Manual[30]. +We gladly acknowledge the influence of manuals for MIT Scheme[17], +T[22], Scheme 84[11],Common Lisp[27], +and Algol 60[18].

+ +We also thank Betty Dexter for the extreme effort she put into +setting this report in TEX, and Donald Knuth for designing the program +that caused her troubles.

+ +The Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the +Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Computer Science +Department of Indiana University, the Computer and Information +Sciences Department of the University of Oregon, and the NEC Research +Institute supported the preparation of this report. Support for the MIT +work was provided in part by +the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under Office +of Naval Research contract N00014-80-C-0505. Support for the Indiana +University work was provided by NSF grants NCS 83-04567 and NCS +83-03325.

+ +

+ + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-4.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-4.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1be3ce --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-4.html @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 1
+Overview of Scheme

+ + +

1.1 Semantics

+ +

+ +This section gives an overview of Scheme's semantics. A +detailed informal semantics is the subject of +chapters 3 through 6. For reference +purposes, section 7.2 provides a formal +semantics of Scheme.

+ +Following Algol, Scheme is a statically scoped programming +language. Each use of a variable is associated with a lexically +apparent binding of that variable.

+ +Scheme has latent as opposed to manifest types. Types +are associated with values (also called objects) rather than +with variables. (Some authors refer to languages with latent types as +weakly typed or dynamically typed languages.) Other languages with +latent types are APL, Snobol, and other dialects of Lisp. Languages +with manifest types (sometimes referred to as strongly typed or +statically typed languages) include Algol 60, Pascal, and C.

+ +All objects created in the course of a Scheme computation, including +procedures and continuations, have unlimited extent. +No Scheme object is ever destroyed. The reason that +implementations of Scheme do not (usually!) run out of storage is that +they are permitted to reclaim the storage occupied by an object if +they can prove that the object cannot possibly matter to any future +computation. Other languages in which most objects have unlimited +extent include APL and other Lisp dialects.

+ +Implementations of Scheme are required to be properly tail-recursive. +This allows the execution of an iterative computation in constant space, +even if the iterative computation is described by a syntactically +recursive procedure. Thus with a properly tail-recursive implementation, +iteration can be expressed using the ordinary procedure-call +mechanics, so that special iteration constructs are useful only as +syntactic sugar. See section 3.5.

+ +Scheme procedures are objects in their own right. Procedures can be +created dynamically, stored in data structures, returned as results of +procedures, and so on. Other languages with these properties include +Common Lisp and ML.

+ +One distinguishing feature of Scheme is that continuations, which +in most other languages only operate behind the scenes, also have +``first-class'' status. Continuations are useful for implementing a +wide variety of advanced control constructs, including non-local exits, +backtracking, and coroutines. See section 6.4.

+ +Arguments to Scheme procedures are always passed by value, which +means that the actual argument expressions are evaluated before the +procedure gains control, whether the procedure needs the result of the +evaluation or not. ML, C, and APL are three other languages that always +pass arguments by value. +This is distinct from the lazy-evaluation semantics of Haskell, +or the call-by-name semantics of Algol 60, where an argument +expression is not evaluated unless its value is needed by the +procedure.

+ +

+ +Scheme's model of arithmetic is designed to remain as independent as +possible of the particular ways in which numbers are represented within a +computer. In Scheme, every integer is a rational number, every rational is a +real, and every real is a complex number. Thus the distinction between integer +and real arithmetic, so important to many programming languages, does not +appear in Scheme. In its place is a distinction between exact arithmetic, +which corresponds to the mathematical ideal, and inexact arithmetic on +approximations. As in Common Lisp, exact arithmetic is not limited to +integers.

+ + +

1.2 Syntax

+ +Scheme, like most dialects of Lisp, employs a fully parenthesized prefix +notation for programs and (other) data; the grammar of Scheme generates a +sublanguage of the language used for data. An important +consequence of this simple, uniform representation is the susceptibility of +Scheme programs and data to uniform treatment by other Scheme programs. +For example, the eval procedure evaluates a Scheme program expressed +as data.

+ +The read procedure performs syntactic as well as lexical decomposition of +the data it reads. The read procedure parses its input as data +(section 7.1.2), not as program.

+ +The formal syntax of Scheme is described in section 7.1.

+ + +

1.3 Notation and terminology

+ + +

1.3.1 Primitive, library, and optional features

+ +

+ +It is required that every implementation of Scheme support all +features that are not marked as being optional. Implementations are +free to omit optional features of Scheme or to add extensions, +provided the extensions are not in conflict with the language reported +here. In particular, implementations must support portable code by +providing a syntactic mode that preempts no lexical conventions of this +report.

+ +To aid in understanding and implementing Scheme, some features are marked +as library. These can be easily implemented in terms of the other, +primitive, features. They are redundant in the strict sense of +the word, but they capture common patterns of usage, and are therefore +provided as convenient abbreviations.

+ + +

1.3.2 Error situations and unspecified behavior

+ + +When speaking of an error situation, this report uses the phrase ``an +error is signalled'' to indicate that implementations must detect and +report the error. If such wording does not appear in the discussion of +an error, then implementations are not required to detect or report the +error, though they are encouraged to do so. An error situation that +implementations are not required to detect is usually referred to simply +as ``an error.''

+ +For example, it is an error for a procedure to be passed an argument that +the procedure is not explicitly specified to handle, even though such +domain errors are seldom mentioned in this report. Implementations may +extend a procedure's domain of definition to include such arguments.

+ +This report uses the phrase ``may report a violation of an +implementation restriction'' to indicate circumstances under which an +implementation is permitted to report that it is unable to continue +execution of a correct program because of some restriction imposed by the +implementation. Implementation restrictions are of course discouraged, +but implementations are encouraged to report violations of implementation +restrictions.

+ +For example, an implementation may report a violation of an +implementation restriction if it does not have enough storage to run a +program.

+ +If the value of an expression is said to be ``unspecified,'' then +the expression must evaluate to some object without signalling an error, +but the value depends on the implementation; this report explicitly does +not say what value should be returned.

+ +

+ + +

1.3.3 Entry format

+ +Chapters 4 and 6 are organized +into entries. Each entry describes one language feature or a group of +related features, where a feature is either a syntactic construct or a +built-in procedure. An entry begins with one or more header lines of the form

+ +

category: template

+ +for required, primitive features, or

+ +

qualifier category: template

+ +where qualifier is either ``library'' or ``optional'' as defined +in section 1.3.1.

+ +If category is ``syntax'', the entry describes an expression +type, and the template gives the syntax of the expression type. +Components of expressions are designated by syntactic variables, which +are written using angle brackets, for example, <expression>, +<variable>. Syntactic variables should be understood to denote segments of +program text; for example, <expression> stands for any string of +characters which is a syntactically valid expression. The notation +

+ <thing₁> ... +

+indicates zero or more occurrences of a <thing>, and +

+ <thing₁> <thing₂> ... +

+indicates one or more occurrences of a <thing>.

+ +If category is ``procedure'', then the entry describes a procedure, and +the header line gives a template for a call to the procedure. Argument +names in the template are italicized. Thus the header line

+ +

procedure: (vector-ref vector k)

+ +indicates that the built-in procedure vector-ref takes +two arguments, a vector vector and an exact non-negative integer +k (see below). The header lines

+ +

procedure: (make-vector k)

+ +

procedure: (make-vector k fill)

+ +indicate that the make-vector procedure must be defined to take +either one or two arguments.

+ + +It is an error for an operation to be presented with an argument that it +is not specified to handle. For succinctness, we follow the convention +that if an argument name is also the name of a type listed in +section 3.2, then that argument must be of the named type. +For example, the header line for vector-ref given above dictates that the +first argument to vector-ref must be a vector. The following naming +conventions also imply type restrictions: + +

+ + + + + + + + + + +

obj	any object
list, list₁, `...` list_j, `...`	list (see section 6.3.2)
z, z₁, `...` z_j, `...`	complex number
x, x₁, `...` x_j, `...`	real number
y, y₁, `...` y_j, `...`	real number
q, q₁, `...` q_j, `...`	rational number
n, n₁, `...` n_j, `...`	integer
k, k₁, `...` k_j, `...`	exact non-negative integer

+ +

+ + +

1.3.4 Evaluation examples

+ +The symbol ``===>'' used in program examples should be read +``evaluates to.'' For example,

+ +

(* 5 8) ===> 40

+ +means that the expression (* 5 8) evaluates to the object 40. +Or, more precisely: the expression given by the sequence of characters +``(* 5 8)'' evaluates, in the initial environment, to an object +that may be represented externally by the sequence of characters ``40''. See section 3.3 for a discussion of external +representations of objects.

+ + +

1.3.5 Naming conventions

+ +By convention, the names of procedures that always return a boolean +value usually end +in ``?''. Such procedures are called predicates.

+ +By convention, the names of procedures that store values into previously +allocated locations (see section 3.4) usually end in +``!''. +Such procedures are called mutation procedures. +By convention, the value returned by a mutation procedure is unspecified.

+ +By convention, ``->'' appears within the names of procedures that +take an object of one type and return an analogous object of another type. +For example, list->vector takes a list and returns a vector whose +elements are the same as those of the list.

+ + +

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-5.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-5.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56f33c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-5.html @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 2
+Lexical conventions

+ +This section gives an informal account of some of the lexical +conventions used in writing Scheme programs. For a formal syntax of +Scheme, see section 7.1.

+ +Upper and lower case forms of a letter are never distinguished +except within character and string constants. For example, Foo is +the same identifier as FOO, and #x1AB is the same number as +#X1ab.

+ + +

2.1 Identifiers

+ +

+ +Most identifiers allowed by other programming +languages are also acceptable to Scheme. The precise rules for forming +identifiers vary among implementations of Scheme, but in all +implementations a sequence of letters, digits, and ``extended alphabetic +characters'' that begins with a character that cannot begin a number is +an identifier. In addition, +, -, and ... are identifiers. +Here are some examples of identifiers:

+ +

lambda q +list->vector soup ++ V17a +<=? a34kTMNs +the-word-recursion-has-many-meanings

+ +Extended alphabetic characters may be used within identifiers as if +they were letters. The following are extended alphabetic characters:

+ +

! $ % & * + - . / : < = > ? @ ^ _ ~

+ +See section 7.1.1 for a formal syntax of identifiers.

+ +Identifiers have two uses within Scheme programs: +

Any identifier may be used as a variable +or as a syntactic keyword +(see sections 3.1 and 4.3).
+ +
When an identifier appears as a literal or within a literal +(see section 4.1.2), it is being used to denote a symbol +(see section 6.3.3).
+ +

+ +

+ + +

2.2 Whitespace and comments

+ +Whitespace characters are spaces and newlines. +(Implementations typically provide additional whitespace characters such +as tab or page break.) Whitespace is used for improved readability and +as necessary to separate tokens from each other, a token being an +indivisible lexical unit such as an identifier or number, but is +otherwise insignificant. Whitespace may occur between any two tokens, +but not within a token. Whitespace may also occur inside a string, +where it is significant.

+ +A semicolon (;) indicates the start of a +comment. The comment continues to the +end of the line on which the semicolon appears. Comments are invisible +to Scheme, but the end of the line is visible as whitespace. This +prevents a comment from appearing in the middle of an identifier or +number.

+ +

;;; The FACT procedure computes the factorial +;;; of a non-negative integer. +(define fact + (lambda (n) + (if (= n 0) + 1 ;Base case: return 1 + (* n (fact (- n 1))))))

+ + +

2.3 Other notations

+ +

+ +For a description of the notations used for numbers, see +section 6.2.

+ +

. + - +These are used in numbers, and may also occur anywhere in an identifier +except as the first character. A delimited plus or minus sign by itself +is also an identifier. +A delimited period (not occurring within a number or identifier) is used +in the notation for pairs (section 6.3.2), and to indicate a +rest-parameter in a formal parameter list (section 4.1.4). +A delimited sequence of three successive periods is also an identifier.
+ +
( ) +Parentheses are used for grouping and to notate lists +(section 6.3.2).
+ +
' +The single quote character is used to indicate literal data (section 4.1.2).
+ +
` +The backquote character is used to indicate almost-constant +data (section 4.2.6).
+ +
, ,@ +The character comma and the sequence comma at-sign are used in conjunction +with backquote (section 4.2.6).
+ +
" +The double quote character is used to delimit strings (section 6.3.5).
+ +
\ +Backslash is used in the syntax for character constants +(section 6.3.4) and as an escape character within string +constants (section 6.3.5).
+ +
[ ] { } | +Left and right square brackets and curly braces and vertical bar +are reserved for possible future extensions to the language.
+ +
# Sharp sign is used for a variety of purposes depending on +the character that immediately follows it:
+ +
#t #f +These are the boolean constants (section 6.3.1).
+ +
#\ +This introduces a character constant (section 6.3.4).
+ +
#( +This introduces a vector constant (section 6.3.6). Vector constants +are terminated by ) .
+ +
#e #i #b #o #d #x +These are used in the notation for numbers (section 6.2.4).
+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-6.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-6.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..432bbcd --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-6.html @@ -0,0 +1,327 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 3
+Basic concepts

+ +

+ + +

3.1 Variables, syntactic keywords, and regions

+ + +

+ +An identifier may name a type of syntax, or it may name +a location where a value can be stored. An identifier that names a type +of syntax is called a syntactic keyword +and is said to be bound to that syntax. An identifier that names a +location is called a variable and is said to be +bound to that location. The set of all visible +bindings in effect at some point in a program is +known as the environment in effect at that point. The value +stored in the location to which a variable is bound is called the +variable's value. By abuse of terminology, the variable is sometimes +said to name the value or to be bound to the value. This is not quite +accurate, but confusion rarely results from this practice.

+ +

+ +Certain expression types are used to create new kinds of syntax +and bind syntactic keywords to those new syntaxes, while other +expression types create new locations and bind variables to those +locations. These expression types are called binding constructs. + +Those that bind syntactic keywords are listed in section 4.3. +The most fundamental of the variable binding constructs is the +lambda expression, because all other variable binding constructs +can be explained in terms of lambda expressions. The other +variable binding constructs are let, let*, letrec, +and do expressions (see sections 4.1.4, 4.2.2, and +4.2.4).

+ + +Like Algol and Pascal, and unlike most other dialects of Lisp +except for Common Lisp, Scheme is a statically scoped language with +block structure. To each place where an identifier is bound in a program +there corresponds a region of the program text within which +the binding is visible. The region is determined by the particular +binding construct that establishes the binding; if the binding is +established by a lambda expression, for example, then its region +is the entire lambda expression. Every mention of an identifier +refers to the binding of the identifier that established the +innermost of the regions containing the use. If there is no binding of +the identifier whose region contains the use, then the use refers to the +binding for the variable in the top level environment, if any +(chapters 4 and 6); if there is no +binding for the identifier, +it is said to be unbound.

+ +

+ + +

3.2 Disjointness of types

+ +

+ +No object satisfies more than one of the following predicates:

+ +

boolean? pair? +symbol? number? +char? string? +vector? port? +procedure?

+ +These predicates define the types boolean, pair, symbol, number, char (or character), string, vector, port, and procedure. The empty list is a special +object of its own type; it satisfies none of the above predicates. + + +

+ +Although there is a separate boolean type, +any Scheme value can be used as a boolean value for the purpose of a +conditional test. As explained in section 6.3.1, all +values count as true in such a test except for #f. +This report uses the word ``true'' to refer to any +Scheme value except #f, and the word ``false'' to refer to +#f.

+ + +

3.3 External representations

+ +

+ +An important concept in Scheme (and Lisp) is that of the external +representation of an object as a sequence of characters. For example, +an external representation of the integer 28 is the sequence of +characters ``28'', and an external representation of a list consisting +of the integers 8 and 13 is the sequence of characters ``(8 13)''.

+ +The external representation of an object is not necessarily unique. The +integer 28 also has representations ``#e28.000'' and ``#x1c'', and the +list in the previous paragraph also has the representations ``( 08 13 +)'' and ``(8 . (13 . ()))'' (see section 6.3.2).

+ +Many objects have standard external representations, but some, such as +procedures, do not have standard representations (although particular +implementations may define representations for them).

+ +An external representation may be written in a program to obtain the +corresponding object (see quote, section 4.1.2).

+ +External representations can also be used for input and output. The +procedure read (section 6.6.2) parses external +representations, and the procedure write (section 6.6.3) +generates them. Together, they provide an elegant and powerful +input/output facility.

+ +Note that the sequence of characters ``(+ 2 6)'' is not an +external representation of the integer 8, even though it is an +expression evaluating to the integer 8; rather, it is an external +representation of a three-element list, the elements of which are the symbol ++ and the integers 2 and 6. Scheme's syntax has the property that +any sequence of characters that is an expression is also the external +representation of some object. This can lead to confusion, since it may +not be obvious out of context whether a given sequence of characters is +intended to denote data or program, but it is also a source of power, +since it facilitates writing programs such as interpreters and +compilers that treat programs as data (or vice versa).

+ +The syntax of external representations of various kinds of objects +accompanies the description of the primitives for manipulating the +objects in the appropriate sections of chapter 6.

+ + +

3.4 Storage model

+ +

+ +Variables and objects such as pairs, vectors, and strings implicitly +denote locations or sequences of locations. A string, for +example, denotes as many locations as there are characters in the string. +(These locations need not correspond to a full machine word.) A new value may be +stored into one of these locations using the string-set! procedure, but +the string continues to denote the same locations as before.

+ +An object fetched from a location, by a variable reference or by +a procedure such as car, vector-ref, or string-ref, is +equivalent in the sense of eqv? (section 6.1) +to the object last stored in the location before the fetch.

+ +Every location is marked to show whether it is in use. +No variable or object ever refers to a location that is not in use. +Whenever this report speaks of storage being allocated for a variable +or object, what is meant is that an appropriate number of locations are +chosen from the set of locations that are not in use, and the chosen +locations are marked to indicate that they are now in use before the variable +or object is made to denote them.

+ +In many systems it is desirable for constants (i.e. the values of +literal expressions) to reside in read-only-memory. To express this, it is +convenient to imagine that every object that denotes locations is associated +with a flag telling whether that object is mutable or +immutable. In such systems literal constants and the strings +returned by symbol->string are immutable objects, while all objects +created by the other procedures listed in this report are mutable. It is an +error to attempt to store a new value into a location that is denoted by an +immutable object.

+ + +

3.5 Proper tail recursion

+ +

+ +Implementations of Scheme are required to be +properly tail-recursive. +Procedure calls that occur in certain syntactic +contexts defined below are `tail calls'. A Scheme implementation is +properly tail-recursive if it supports an unbounded number of active +tail calls. A call is active if the called procedure may still +return. Note that this includes calls that may be returned from either +by the current continuation or by continuations captured earlier by +call-with-current-continuation that are later invoked. +In the absence of captured continuations, calls could +return at most once and the active calls would be those that had not +yet returned. +A formal definition of proper tail recursion can be found +in [8].

+ +

Rationale:
+ +Intuitively, no space is needed for an active tail call because the +continuation that is used in the tail call has the same semantics as the +continuation passed to the procedure containing the call. Although an improper +implementation might use a new continuation in the call, a return +to this new continuation would be followed immediately by a return +to the continuation passed to the procedure. A properly tail-recursive +implementation returns to that continuation directly.
+ +Proper tail recursion was one of the central ideas in Steele and +Sussman's original version of Scheme. Their first Scheme interpreter +implemented both functions and actors. Control flow was expressed using +actors, which differed from functions in that they passed their results +on to another actor instead of returning to a caller. In the terminology +of this section, each actor finished with a tail call to another actor.
+ +Steele and Sussman later observed that in their interpreter the code +for dealing with actors was identical to that for functions and thus +there was no need to include both in the language.
+ +

+ +A tail call is a procedure call that occurs +in a tail context. Tail contexts are defined inductively. Note +that a tail context is always determined with respect to a particular lambda +expression.

+ +

The last expression within the body of a lambda expression, +shown as <tail expression> below, occurs in a tail context. +(lambda <formals> + <definition>* <expression>* <tail expression>) +
+
If one of the following expressions is in a tail context, +then the subexpressions shown as <tail expression> are in a tail context. +These were derived from rules in the grammar given in +chapter 7 by replacing some occurrences of <expression> +with <tail expression>. Only those rules that contain tail contexts +are shown here.
+ +
(if <expression> <tail expression> <tail expression>) +(if <expression> <tail expression>) + +(cond <cond clause>⁺) +(cond <cond clause>* (else <tail sequence>)) + +(case <expression> + <case clause>⁺) +(case <expression> + <case clause>* + (else <tail sequence>)) + +(and <expression>* <tail expression>) +(or <expression>* <tail expression>) + +(let (<binding spec>*) <tail body>) +(let <variable> (<binding spec>*) <tail body>) +(let* (<binding spec>*) <tail body>) +(letrec (<binding spec>*) <tail body>) + +(let-syntax (<syntax spec>*) <tail body>) +(letrec-syntax (<syntax spec>*) <tail body>) + +(begin <tail sequence>) + +(do (<iteration spec>*) + (<test> <tail sequence>) + <expression>*) + +where + +<cond clause> ---> (<test> <tail sequence>) +<case clause> ---> ((<datum>*) <tail sequence>) + +<tail body> ---> <definition>* <tail sequence> +<tail sequence> ---> <expression>* <tail expression> +
+
If a cond expression is in a tail context, and has a clause of +the form (<expression₁> => <expression₂>) +then the (implied) call to +the procedure that results from the evaluation of <expression₂> is in a +tail context. <expression₂> itself is not in a tail context.
+ +

+ +Certain built-in procedures are also required to perform tail calls. +The first argument passed to apply and to +call-with-current-continuation, and the second argument passed to +call-with-values, must be called via a tail call. +Similarly, eval must evaluate its argument as if it +were in tail position within the eval procedure.

+ +In the following example the only tail call is the call to f. +None of the calls to g or h are tail calls. The reference to +x is in a tail context, but it is not a call and thus is not a +tail call. +

(lambda () + (if (g) + (let ((x (h))) + x) + (and (g) (f)))) +

Note: +Implementations are allowed, but not required, to +recognize that some non-tail calls, such as the call to h +above, can be evaluated as though they were tail calls. +In the example above, the let expression could be compiled +as a tail call to h. (The possibility of h returning +an unexpected number of values can be ignored, because in that +case the effect of the let is explicitly unspecified and +implementation-dependent.) +

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-7.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-7.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a2ab4f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-7.html @@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 4
+Expressions

+ +

+ + +

+ + +Expression types are categorized as primitive or derived. +Primitive expression types include variables and procedure calls. +Derived expression types are not semantically primitive, but can instead +be defined as macros. +With the exception of quasiquote, whose macro definition is complex, +the derived expressions are classified as library features. +Suitable definitions are given in section 7.3.

+ + +

4.1 Primitive expression types

+ +

+ + +

4.1.1 Variable references

+ +

syntax: <variable>

+ +An expression consisting of a variable +(section 3.1) is a variable reference. The value of +the variable reference is the value stored in the location to which the +variable is bound. It is an error to reference an +unbound variable.

+ +

(define x 28) +x ===> 28

+ + +

4.1.2 Literal expressions

+ +

syntax: (quote <datum>)

+ +

syntax: '<datum>

+ +

syntax: <constant>

+ +(quote <datum>) evaluates to <datum>. +<Datum> +may be any external representation of a Scheme object (see +section 3.3). This notation is used to include literal +constants in Scheme code.

+ +

(quote a) ===> a +(quote #(a b c)) ===> #(a b c) +(quote (+ 1 2)) ===> (+ 1 2)

+ +(quote <datum>) may be abbreviated as +'<datum>. The two notations are equivalent in all +respects.

+ +

'a ===> a +'#(a b c) ===> #(a b c) +'() ===> () +'(+ 1 2) ===> (+ 1 2) +'(quote a) ===> (quote a) +''a ===> (quote a)

+ +Numerical constants, string constants, character constants, and boolean +constants evaluate ``to themselves''; they need not be quoted.

+ +

'"abc" ===> "abc" +"abc" ===> "abc" +'145932 ===> 145932 +145932 ===> 145932 +'#t ===> #t +#t ===> #t

+ +As noted in section 3.4, it is an error to alter a constant +(i.e. the value of a literal expression) using a mutation procedure like +set-car! or string-set!.

+ +

+ + +

4.1.3 Procedure calls

+ +

syntax: (<operator> <operand₁> ...)

+ +A procedure call is written by simply enclosing in parentheses +expressions for the procedure to be called and the arguments to be +passed to it. The operator and operand expressions are evaluated (in an +unspecified order) and the resulting procedure is passed the resulting +arguments. +

(+ 3 4) ===> 7 +((if #f + *) 3 4) ===> 12

+ +A number of procedures are available as the values of variables in the +initial environment; for example, the addition and multiplication +procedures in the above examples are the values of the variables + +and *. New procedures are created by evaluating lambda expressions +(see section 4.1.4). + + +Procedure calls may return any number of values (see values in +section 6.4). With the exception of values +the procedures available in the initial environment return one +value or, for procedures such as apply, pass on the values returned +by a call to one of their arguments.

+ +Procedure calls are also called combinations. +

+ +

Note: In contrast to other dialects of Lisp, the order of +evaluation is unspecified, and the operator expression and the operand +expressions are always evaluated with the same evaluation rules. +

+ +

Note: +Although the order of evaluation is otherwise unspecified, the effect of +any concurrent evaluation of the operator and operand expressions is +constrained to be consistent with some sequential order of evaluation. +The order of evaluation may be chosen differently for each procedure call. +

+ +

Note: In many dialects of Lisp, the empty combination, (), is a legitimate expression. In Scheme, combinations must have at +least one subexpression, so () is not a syntactically valid +expression. +

+ +

+ + +

4.1.4 Procedures

+ +

syntax: (lambda <formals> <body>)

+ +Syntax: <Formals> should be a formal arguments list as described below, +and <body> should be a sequence of one or more expressions.

+ +Semantics: A lambda expression evaluates to a procedure. The environment in +effect when the lambda expression was evaluated is remembered as part of the +procedure. When the procedure is later called with some actual +arguments, the environment in which the lambda expression was evaluated will +be extended by binding the variables in the formal argument list to +fresh locations, the corresponding actual argument values will be stored +in those locations, and the expressions in the body of the lambda expression +will be evaluated sequentially in the extended environment. +The result(s) of the last expression in the body will be returned as +the result(s) of the procedure call.

+ +

(lambda (x) (+ x x)) ===> a procedure +((lambda (x) (+ x x)) 4) ===> 8 + +(define reverse-subtract + (lambda (x y) (- y x))) +(reverse-subtract 7 10) ===> 3 + +(define add4 + (let ((x 4)) + (lambda (y) (+ x y)))) +(add4 6) ===> 10

+ +<Formals> should have one of the following forms:

+ +

(<variable₁> ...): +The procedure takes a fixed number of arguments; when the procedure is +called, the arguments will be stored in the bindings of the +corresponding variables.
+ +
<variable>: +The procedure takes any number of arguments; when the procedure is +called, the sequence of actual arguments is converted into a newly +allocated list, and the list is stored in the binding of the +<variable>.
+ +
(<variable₁> ... <variable_n> . +<variable_n+1>): +If a space-delimited period precedes the last variable, then +the procedure takes n or more arguments, where n is the +number of formal arguments before the period (there must +be at least one). +The value stored in the binding of the last variable will be a +newly allocated +list of the actual arguments left over after all the other actual +arguments have been matched up against the other formal arguments. +

+ +It is an error for a <variable> to appear more than once in +<formals>.

+ +

((lambda x x) 3 4 5 6) ===> (3 4 5 6) +((lambda (x y . z) z) + 3 4 5 6) ===> (5 6)

+ +Each procedure created as the result of evaluating a lambda expression is +(conceptually) tagged +with a storage location, in order to make eqv? and +eq? work on procedures (see section 6.1).

+ +

+ + +

4.1.5 Conditionals

+ +

syntax: (if <test> <consequent> <alternate>)

+ +

syntax: (if <test> <consequent>)

+ +Syntax: <Test>, <consequent>, and <alternate> may be arbitrary +expressions.

+ +Semantics: An if expression is evaluated as follows: first, +<test> is evaluated. If it yields a true value (see +section 6.3.1), then <consequent> is evaluated and +its value(s) is(are) returned. Otherwise <alternate> is evaluated and its +value(s) is(are) returned. If <test> yields a false value and no +<alternate> is specified, then the result of the expression is +unspecified.

+ +

(if (> 3 2) 'yes 'no) ===> yes +(if (> 2 3) 'yes 'no) ===> no +(if (> 3 2) + (- 3 2) + (+ 3 2)) ===> 1

+ +

+ + +

4.1.6 Assignments

+ +

syntax: (set! <variable> <expression>)

+ +<Expression> is evaluated, and the resulting value is stored in +the location to which <variable> is bound. <Variable> must +be bound either in some region enclosing the set! expression +or at top level. The result of the set! expression is +unspecified.

+ +

(define x 2) +(+ x 1) ===> 3 +(set! x 4) ===> unspecified +(+ x 1) ===> 5

+ +

+ + +

4.2 Derived expression types

+ +

+ +The constructs in this section are hygienic, as discussed in +section 4.3. +For reference purposes, section 7.3 gives macro definitions +that will convert most of the constructs described in this section +into the primitive constructs described in the previous section.

+ +

+ + +

4.2.1 Conditionals

+ +

library syntax: (cond <clause₁> <clause₂> ...)

+ +Syntax: Each <clause> should be of the form +

(<test> <expression₁> ...)

+where <test> is any expression. Alternatively, a <clause> may be +of the form +

(<test> => <expression>)

+The last <clause> may be +an ``else clause,'' which has the form +

(else <expression₁> <expression₂> ...).

+ +

+ +Semantics: A cond expression is evaluated by evaluating the <test> +expressions of successive <clause>s in order until one of them +evaluates to a true value (see +section 6.3.1). When a <test> evaluates to a true +value, then the remaining <expression>s in its <clause> are +evaluated in order, and the result(s) of the last <expression> in the +<clause> is(are) returned as the result(s) of the entire cond +expression. If the selected <clause> contains only the +<test> and no <expression>s, then the value of the +<test> is returned as the result. If the selected <clause> uses the +=> alternate form, then the <expression> is evaluated. +Its value must be a procedure that accepts one argument; this procedure is then +called on the value of the <test> and the value(s) returned by this +procedure is(are) returned by the cond expression. +If all <test>s evaluate +to false values, and there is no else clause, then the result of +the conditional expression is unspecified; if there is an else +clause, then its <expression>s are evaluated, and the value(s) of +the last one is(are) returned.

+ +

(cond ((> 3 2) 'greater) + ((< 3 2) 'less)) ===> greater +(cond ((> 3 3) 'greater) + ((< 3 3) 'less) + (else 'equal)) ===> equal +(cond ((assv 'b '((a 1) (b 2))) => cadr) + (else #f)) ===> 2

+ +

library syntax: (case <key> <clause₁> <clause₂> ...)

+ +Syntax: <Key> may be any expression. Each <clause> should have +the form +

((<datum₁> ...) <expression₁> <expression₂> ...),

+where each <datum> is an external representation of some object. +All the <datum>s must be distinct. +The last <clause> may be an ``else clause,'' which has the form +

(else <expression₁> <expression₂> ...).

+ +Semantics: A case expression is evaluated as follows. <Key> is +evaluated and its result is compared against each <datum>. If the +result of evaluating <key> is equivalent (in the sense of +eqv?; see section 6.1) to a <datum>, then the +expressions in the corresponding <clause> are evaluated from left +to right and the result(s) of the last expression in the <clause> is(are) +returned as the result(s) of the case expression. If the result of +evaluating <key> is different from every <datum>, then if +there is an else clause its expressions are evaluated and the +result(s) of the last is(are) the result(s) of the case expression; +otherwise the result of the case expression is unspecified.

+ +

(case (* 2 3) + ((2 3 5 7) 'prime) + ((1 4 6 8 9) 'composite)) ===> composite +(case (car '(c d)) + ((a) 'a) + ((b) 'b)) ===> unspecified +(case (car '(c d)) + ((a e i o u) 'vowel) + ((w y) 'semivowel) + (else 'consonant)) ===> consonant

+ +

library syntax: (and <test₁> ...)

+ +The <test> expressions are evaluated from left to right, and the +value of the first expression that evaluates to a false value (see +section 6.3.1) is returned. Any remaining expressions +are not evaluated. If all the expressions evaluate to true values, the +value of the last expression is returned. If there are no expressions +then #t is returned.

+ +

(and (= 2 2) (> 2 1)) ===> #t +(and (= 2 2) (< 2 1)) ===> #f +(and 1 2 'c '(f g)) ===> (f g) +(and) ===> #t

+ +

library syntax: (or <test₁> ...)

+ +The <test> expressions are evaluated from left to right, and the value of the +first expression that evaluates to a true value (see +section 6.3.1) is returned. Any remaining expressions +are not evaluated. If all expressions evaluate to false values, the +value of the last expression is returned. If there are no +expressions then #f is returned.

+ +

(or (= 2 2) (> 2 1)) ===> #t +(or (= 2 2) (< 2 1)) ===> #t +(or #f #f #f) ===> #f +(or (memq 'b '(a b c)) + (/ 3 0)) ===> (b c)

+ +

+ + +

4.2.2 Binding constructs

+ +The three binding constructs let, let*, and letrec +give Scheme a block structure, like Algol 60. The syntax of the three +constructs is identical, but they differ in the regions they establish +for their variable bindings. In a let expression, the initial +values are computed before any of the variables become bound; in a +let* expression, the bindings and evaluations are performed +sequentially; while in a letrec expression, all the bindings are in +effect while their initial values are being computed, thus allowing +mutually recursive definitions.

+ +

library syntax: (let <bindings> <body>)

+ +Syntax: <Bindings> should have the form +

((<variable₁> <init₁>) ...),

+where each <init> is an expression, and <body> should be a +sequence of one or more expressions. It is +an error for a <variable> to appear more than once in the list of variables +being bound.

+ +Semantics: The <init>s are evaluated in the current environment (in some +unspecified order), the <variable>s are bound to fresh locations +holding the results, the <body> is evaluated in the extended +environment, and the value(s) of the last expression of <body> +is(are) returned. Each binding of a <variable> has <body> as its +region.

+ +

(let ((x 2) (y 3)) + (* x y)) ===> 6 + +(let ((x 2) (y 3)) + (let ((x 7) + (z (+ x y))) + (* z x))) ===> 35

+ +See also named let, section 4.2.4.

+ +

library syntax: (let* <bindings> <body>)

+ +Syntax: <Bindings> should have the form +

((<variable₁> <init₁>) ...),

+and <body> should be a sequence of +one or more expressions.

+ +Semantics: Let* is similar to let, but the bindings are performed +sequentially from left to right, and the region of a binding indicated +by (<variable> <init>) is that part of the let* +expression to the right of the binding. Thus the second binding is done +in an environment in which the first binding is visible, and so on.

+ +

(let ((x 2) (y 3)) + (let* ((x 7) + (z (+ x y))) + (* z x))) ===> 70

+ +

library syntax: (letrec <bindings> <body>)

+ +Syntax: <Bindings> should have the form +

((<variable₁> <init₁>) ...),

+and <body> should be a sequence of +one or more expressions. It is an error for a <variable> to appear more +than once in the list of variables being bound.

+ +Semantics: The <variable>s are bound to fresh locations holding undefined +values, the <init>s are evaluated in the resulting environment (in +some unspecified order), each <variable> is assigned to the result +of the corresponding <init>, the <body> is evaluated in the +resulting environment, and the value(s) of the last expression in +<body> is(are) returned. Each binding of a <variable> has the +entire letrec expression as its region, making it possible to +define mutually recursive procedures.

+ +

(letrec ((even? + (lambda (n) + (if (zero? n) + #t + (odd? (- n 1))))) + (odd? + (lambda (n) + (if (zero? n) + #f + (even? (- n 1)))))) + (even? 88)) + ===> #t

+ +One restriction on letrec is very important: it must be possible +to evaluate each <init> without assigning or referring to the value of any +<variable>. If this restriction is violated, then it is an error. The +restriction is necessary because Scheme passes arguments by value rather than by +name. In the most common uses of letrec, all the <init>s are +lambda expressions and the restriction is satisfied automatically.

+ + +

4.2.3 Sequencing

+ +

library syntax: (begin <expression₁> <expression₂> ...)

+ +The <expression>s are evaluated sequentially from left to right, +and the value(s) of the last <expression> is(are) returned. This +expression type is used to sequence side effects such as input and +output.

+ +

(define x 0) + +(begin (set! x 5) + (+ x 1)) ===> 6 + +(begin (display "4 plus 1 equals ") + (display (+ 4 1))) ===> unspecified + and prints 4 plus 1 equals 5

+ +

+ + +

4.2.4 Iteration

+ + +

library syntax: (do ((<variable₁> <init₁> <step₁>)

+ + ...) + (<test> <expression> ...) + <command> ...)

+ +Do is an iteration construct. It specifies a set of variables to +be bound, how they are to be initialized at the start, and how they are +to be updated on each iteration. When a termination condition is met, +the loop exits after evaluating the <expression>s.

+ +Do expressions are evaluated as follows: +The <init> expressions are evaluated (in some unspecified order), +the <variable>s are bound to fresh locations, the results of the +<init> expressions are stored in the bindings of the +<variable>s, and then the iteration phase begins.

+ +Each iteration begins by evaluating <test>; if the result is +false (see section 6.3.1), then the <command> +expressions are evaluated in order for effect, the <step> +expressions are evaluated in some unspecified order, the +<variable>s are bound to fresh locations, the results of the +<step>s are stored in the bindings of the +<variable>s, and the next iteration begins.

+ +If <test> evaluates to a true value, then the +<expression>s are evaluated from left to right and the value(s) of +the last <expression> is(are) returned. If no <expression>s +are present, then the value of the do expression is unspecified.

+ +The region of the binding of a <variable> +consists of the entire do expression except for the <init>s. +It is an error for a <variable> to appear more than once in the +list of do variables.

+ +A <step> may be omitted, in which case the effect is the +same as if (<variable> <init> <variable>) had +been written instead of (<variable> <init>).

+ +

(do ((vec (make-vector 5)) + (i 0 (+ i 1))) + ((= i 5) vec) + (vector-set! vec i i)) ===> #(0 1 2 3 4) + +(let ((x '(1 3 5 7 9))) + (do ((x x (cdr x)) + (sum 0 (+ sum (car x)))) + ((null? x) sum))) ===> 25

+ +

library syntax: (let <variable> <bindings> <body>)

+ + +``Named let'' is a variant on the syntax of let which provides +a more general looping construct than do and may also be used to express +recursions. +It has the same syntax and semantics as ordinary let +except that <variable> is bound within <body> to a procedure +whose formal arguments are the bound variables and whose body is +<body>. Thus the execution of <body> may be repeated by +invoking the procedure named by <variable>.

+ +

(let loop ((numbers '(3 -2 1 6 -5)) + (nonneg '()) + (neg '())) + (cond ((null? numbers) (list nonneg neg)) + ((>= (car numbers) 0) + (loop (cdr numbers) + (cons (car numbers) nonneg) + neg)) + ((< (car numbers) 0) + (loop (cdr numbers) + nonneg + (cons (car numbers) neg))))) ===> ((6 1 3) (-5 -2))

+ +

+ + +

4.2.5 Delayed evaluation

+ +

library syntax: (delay <expression>)

+ +

+ +The delay construct is used together with the procedure force to +implement lazy evaluation or call by need. +(delay <expression>) returns an object called a +promise which at some point in the future may be asked (by +the force procedure) to evaluate +<expression>, and deliver the resulting value. +The effect of <expression> returning multiple values +is unspecified.

+ +See the description of force (section 6.4) for a +more complete description of delay.

+ +

+ + +

4.2.6 Quasiquotation

+ +

syntax: (quasiquote <qq template>)

syntax: `<qq template>

+ +``Backquote'' or ``quasiquote'' expressions are useful +for constructing a list or vector structure when most but not all of the +desired structure is known in advance. If no +commas appear within the <qq template>, the result of +evaluating +`<qq template> is equivalent to the result of evaluating +'<qq template>. If a comma appears within the +<qq template>, however, the expression following the comma is +evaluated (``unquoted'') and its result is inserted into the structure +instead of the comma and the expression. If a comma appears followed +immediately by an at-sign (@), then the following +expression must evaluate to a list; the opening and closing parentheses +of the list are then ``stripped away'' and the elements of the list are +inserted in place of the comma at-sign expression sequence. A comma +at-sign should only appear within a list or vector <qq template>.

+ + +

`(list ,(+ 1 2) 4) ===> (list 3 4) +(let ((name 'a)) `(list ,name ',name)) ===> (list a (quote a)) +`(a ,(+ 1 2) ,@(map abs '(4 -5 6)) b) ===> (a 3 4 5 6 b) +`(( foo ,(- 10 3)) ,@(cdr '(c)) . ,(car '(cons))) ===> ((foo 7) . cons) +`#(10 5 ,(sqrt 4) ,@(map sqrt '(16 9)) 8) ===> #(10 5 2 4 3 8)

+ +Quasiquote forms may be nested. Substitutions are made only for +unquoted components appearing at the same nesting level +as the outermost backquote. The nesting level increases by one inside +each successive quasiquotation, and decreases by one inside each +unquotation.

+ +

`(a `(b ,(+ 1 2) ,(foo ,(+ 1 3) d) e) f) ===> (a `(b ,(+ 1 2) ,(foo 4 d) e) f) +(let ((name1 'x) + (name2 'y)) + `(a `(b ,,name1 ,',name2 d) e)) ===> (a `(b ,x ,'y d) e)

+ +The two notations +`<qq template> and (quasiquote <qq template>) +are identical in all respects. +,<expression> is identical to (unquote <expression>), +and +,@<expression> is identical to (unquote-splicing <expression>). +The external syntax generated by write for two-element lists whose +car is one of these symbols may vary between implementations. +

+ +

(quasiquote (list (unquote (+ 1 2)) 4)) ===> (list 3 4) +'(quasiquote (list (unquote (+ 1 2)) 4)) ===> `(list ,(+ 1 2) 4) + i.e., (quasiquote (list (unquote (+ 1 2)) 4))

+ +Unpredictable behavior can result if any of the symbols +quasiquote, unquote, or unquote-splicing appear in +positions within a <qq template> otherwise than as described above.

+ +

+ + +

4.3 Macros

+ +

+ +Scheme programs can define and use new derived expression types, +called macros. +Program-defined expression types have the syntax +

(<keyword> <datum> ...)

where <keyword> is an identifier that uniquely determines the +expression type. This identifier is called the syntactic +keyword, or simply keyword, of the macro. The +number of the <datum>s, and their syntax, depends on the +expression type.

+ +Each instance of a macro is called a use +of the macro. +The set of rules that specifies +how a use of a macro is transcribed into a more primitive expression +is called the transformer +of the macro.

+ +The macro definition facility consists of two parts:

+ +

A set of expressions used to establish that certain identifiers +are macro keywords, associate them with macro transformers, and control +the scope within which a macro is defined, and
+ +
a pattern language for specifying macro transformers. +

+ +The syntactic keyword of a macro may shadow variable bindings, and local +variable bindings may shadow keyword bindings. All macros +defined using the pattern language are ``hygienic'' and ``referentially +transparent'' and thus preserve Scheme's lexical scoping [14, 15, 2, 7, 9]: + +

+ +

If a macro transformer inserts a binding for an identifier +(variable or keyword), the identifier will in effect be renamed +throughout its scope to avoid conflicts with other identifiers. +Note that a define at top level may or may not introduce a binding; +see section 5.2.
+ +
If a macro transformer inserts a free reference to an +identifier, the reference refers to the binding that was visible +where the transformer was specified, regardless of any local +bindings that may surround the use of the macro.
+ +

+ + + + +

4.3.1 Binding constructs for syntactic keywords

+ +

+ +Let-syntax and letrec-syntax are +analogous to let and letrec, but they bind +syntactic keywords to macro transformers instead of binding variables +to locations that contain values. Syntactic keywords may also be +bound at top level; see section 5.3.

+ +

syntax: (let-syntax <bindings> <body>)

+ +Syntax: <Bindings> should have the form +

((<keyword> <transformer spec>) ...)

+Each <keyword> is an identifier, +each <transformer spec> is an instance of syntax-rules, and +<body> should be a sequence of one or more expressions. It is an error +for a <keyword> to appear more than once in the list of keywords +being bound.

+ +Semantics: The <body> is expanded in the syntactic environment +obtained by extending the syntactic environment of the +let-syntax expression with macros whose keywords are +the <keyword>s, bound to the specified transformers. +Each binding of a <keyword> has <body> as its region.

+ +

(let-syntax ((when (syntax-rules () + ((when test stmt1 stmt2 ...) + (if test + (begin stmt1 + stmt2 ...)))))) + (let ((if #t)) + (when if (set! if 'now)) + if)) ===> now + +(let ((x 'outer)) + (let-syntax ((m (syntax-rules () ((m) x)))) + (let ((x 'inner)) + (m)))) ===> outer

+ +

syntax: (letrec-syntax <bindings> <body>)

+ +Syntax: Same as for let-syntax.

+ +Semantics: The <body> is expanded in the syntactic environment obtained by +extending the syntactic environment of the letrec-syntax +expression with macros whose keywords are the +<keyword>s, bound to the specified transformers. +Each binding of a <keyword> has the <bindings> +as well as the <body> within its region, +so the transformers can +transcribe expressions into uses of the macros +introduced by the letrec-syntax expression.

+ +

(letrec-syntax + ((my-or (syntax-rules () + ((my-or) #f) + ((my-or e) e) + ((my-or e1 e2 ...) + (let ((temp e1)) + (if temp + temp + (my-or e2 ...))))))) + (let ((x #f) + (y 7) + (temp 8) + (let odd?) + (if even?)) + (my-or x + (let temp) + (if y) + y))) ===> 7

+ +

+ + +

4.3.2 Pattern language

+ +

+ +A <transformer spec> has the following form:

+ +

: (syntax-rules <literals> <syntax rule> ...)

+ +Syntax: <Literals> is a list of identifiers and each <syntax rule> +should be of the form +

(<pattern> <template>)

+The <pattern> in a <syntax rule> is a list <pattern> +that begins with the keyword for the macro.

+ +A <pattern> is either an identifier, a constant, or one of the +following +

(<pattern> ...) +(<pattern> <pattern> ... . <pattern>) +(<pattern> ... <pattern> <ellipsis>) +#(<pattern> ...) +#(<pattern> ... <pattern> <ellipsis>)

+and a template is either an identifier, a constant, or one of the following +

(<element> ...) +(<element> <element> ... . <template>) +#(<element> ...)

+where an <element> is a <template> optionally +followed by an <ellipsis> and +an <ellipsis> is the identifier ``...'' (which cannot be used as +an identifier in either a template or a pattern).

+ +Semantics: An instance of syntax-rules produces a new macro +transformer by specifying a sequence of hygienic rewrite rules. A use +of a macro whose keyword is associated with a transformer specified by +syntax-rules is matched against the patterns contained in the +<syntax rule>s, beginning with the leftmost <syntax rule>. +When a match is found, the macro use is transcribed hygienically +according to the template.

+ +An identifier that appears in the pattern of a <syntax rule> is +a pattern variable, unless it is the keyword that begins the pattern, +is listed in <literals>, or is the identifier ``...''. +Pattern variables match arbitrary input elements and +are used to refer to elements of the input in the template. It is an +error for the same pattern variable to appear more than once in a +<pattern>.

+ +The keyword at the beginning of the pattern in a +<syntax rule> is not involved in the matching and +is not considered a pattern variable or literal identifier.

+ +

Rationale: +The scope of the keyword is determined by the expression or syntax +definition that binds it to the associated macro transformer. +If the keyword were a pattern variable or literal +identifier, then +the template that follows the pattern would be within its scope +regardless of whether the keyword were bound by let-syntax +or by letrec-syntax. +

+ +Identifiers that appear in <literals> are interpreted as literal +identifiers to be matched against corresponding subforms of the input. +A subform +in the input matches a literal identifier if and only if it is an +identifier +and either both its occurrence in the macro expression and its +occurrence in the macro definition have the same lexical binding, or +the two identifiers are equal and both have no lexical binding.

+ + +A subpattern followed by ... can match zero or more elements of the +input. It is an error for ... to appear in <literals>. +Within a pattern the identifier ... must follow the last element of +a nonempty sequence of subpatterns.

+ +More formally, an input form F matches a pattern P if and only if:

+ +

P is a non-literal identifier; or
+ +
P is a literal identifier and F is an identifier with the same +binding; or
+ +
P is a list (P₁ ... P_n) and F is a +list of n +forms that match P₁ through P_n, respectively; or
+ +
P is an improper list +(P₁ P₂ ... P_n . P_n+1) +and F is a list or +improper list of n or more forms that match P₁ through P_n, +respectively, and whose nth ``cdr'' matches P_n+1; or
+ +
P is of the form +(P₁ ... P_n P_n+1 <ellipsis>) +where <ellipsis> is the identifier ... +and F is +a proper list of at least n forms, the first n of which match +P₁ through P_n, respectively, and each remaining element of F +matches P_n+1; or
+ +
P is a vector of the form #(P₁ ... P_n) +and F is a vector +of n forms that match P₁ through P_n; or
+ +
P is of the form +#(P₁ ... P_n P_n+1 <ellipsis>) +where <ellipsis> is the identifier ... +and F is a vector of n +or more forms the first n of which match +P₁ through P_n, respectively, and each remaining element of F +matches P_n+1; or
+ +
P is a datum and F is equal to P in the sense of +the equal? procedure. +

+ +It is an error to use a macro keyword, within the scope of its +binding, in an expression that does not match any of the patterns.

+ +When a macro use is transcribed according to the template of the +matching <syntax rule>, pattern variables that occur in the +template are replaced by the subforms they match in the input. +Pattern variables that occur in subpatterns followed by one or more +instances of the identifier +... are allowed only in subtemplates that are +followed by as many instances of .... +They are replaced in the +output by all of the subforms they match in the input, distributed as +indicated. It is an error if the output cannot be built up as +specified.

+ + +Identifiers that appear in the template but are not pattern variables +or the identifier +... are inserted into the output as literal identifiers. If a +literal identifier is inserted as a free identifier then it refers to the +binding of that identifier within whose scope the instance of +syntax-rules appears. +If a literal identifier is inserted as a bound identifier then it is +in effect renamed to prevent inadvertent captures of free identifiers.

+ +As an example, if let and cond are defined as in +section 7.3 then they are hygienic (as required) and +the following is not an error.

+ +

(let ((=> #f)) + (cond (#t => 'ok))) ===> ok

+ +The macro transformer for cond recognizes => +as a local variable, and hence an expression, and not as the +top-level identifier =>, which the macro transformer treats +as a syntactic keyword. Thus the example expands into

+ +

(let ((=> #f)) + (if #t (begin => 'ok)))

+ +instead of

+ +

(let ((=> #f)) + (let ((temp #t)) + (if temp ('ok temp))))

+ +which would result in an invalid procedure call.

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-8.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-8.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db3236a --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-8.html @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 5
+Program structure

+ +

+ + +

5.1 Programs

+ +A Scheme program consists of a sequence of expressions, definitions, +and syntax definitions. +Expressions are described in chapter 4; +definitions and syntax definitions are the subject of the rest of the +present chapter.

+ +Programs are typically stored in files or entered interactively to a +running Scheme system, although other paradigms are possible; +questions of user interface lie outside the scope of this report. +(Indeed, Scheme would still be useful as a notation for expressing +computational methods even in the absence of a mechanical +implementation.)

+ +Definitions and syntax definitions occurring at the top level of a program +can be interpreted +declaratively. +They cause bindings to be created in the top level +environment or modify the value of existing top-level bindings. +Expressions occurring at the top level of a program are +interpreted imperatively; they are executed in order when the program is +invoked or loaded, and typically perform some kind of initialization.

+ +At the top level of a program (begin <form₁> ...) is +equivalent to the sequence of expressions, definitions, and syntax definitions +that form the body of the begin.

+ +

+ + +

5.2 Definitions

+ +

+ +Definitions are valid in some, but not all, contexts where expressions +are allowed. They are valid only at the top level of a <program> +and at the beginning of a <body>. +

+ +A definition should have one of the following forms:

+ +

(define <variable> <expression>)
+ +
(define (<variable> <formals>) <body>)
+ +<Formals> should be either a +sequence of zero or more variables, or a sequence of one or more +variables followed by a space-delimited period and another variable (as +in a lambda expression). This form is equivalent to +
(define <variable> + (lambda (<formals>) <body>)).
+ +
(define (<variable> . <formal>) <body>)
+ +<Formal> should be a single +variable. This form is equivalent to +
(define <variable> + (lambda <formal> <body>)).
+ +

+ + +

5.2.1 Top level definitions

+ +At the top level of a program, a definition +

(define <variable> <expression>)

+has essentially the same effect as the assignment expression +

(set! <variable> <expression>)

+if <variable> is bound. If <variable> is not bound, +however, then the definition will bind <variable> to a new +location before performing the assignment, whereas it would be an error +to perform a set! on an unbound variable.

+ +

(define add3 + (lambda (x) (+ x 3))) +(add3 3) ===> 6 +(define first car) +(first '(1 2)) ===> 1

+ +Some implementations of Scheme use an initial environment in +which all possible variables are bound to locations, most of +which contain undefined values. Top level definitions in +such an implementation are truly equivalent to assignments.

+ +

+ + +

5.2.2 Internal definitions

+ +

+ +Definitions may occur at the +beginning of a <body> (that is, the body of a lambda, +let, let*, letrec, let-syntax, or letrec-syntax +expression or that of a definition of an appropriate form). +Such definitions are known as internal definitions as opposed to the top level definitions described above. +The variable defined by an internal definition is local to the +<body>. That is, <variable> is bound rather than assigned, +and the region of the binding is the entire <body>. For example,

+ +

(let ((x 5)) + (define foo (lambda (y) (bar x y))) + (define bar (lambda (a b) (+ (* a b) a))) + (foo (+ x 3))) ===> 45

+ +A <body> containing internal definitions can always be converted +into a completely equivalent letrec expression. For example, the +let expression in the above example is equivalent to

+ +

(let ((x 5)) + (letrec ((foo (lambda (y) (bar x y))) + (bar (lambda (a b) (+ (* a b) a)))) + (foo (+ x 3))))

+ +Just as for the equivalent letrec expression, it must be +possible to evaluate each <expression> of every internal +definition in a <body> without assigning or referring to +the value of any <variable> being defined.

+ +Wherever an internal definition may occur +(begin <definition₁> ...) +is equivalent to the sequence of definitions +that form the body of the begin.

+ + +

5.3 Syntax definitions

+ +Syntax definitions are valid only at the top level of a <program>. + +They have the following form:

+ +(define-syntax <keyword> <transformer spec>)

+ +<Keyword> is an identifier, and +the <transformer spec> should be an instance of syntax-rules. +The top-level syntactic environment is extended by binding the +<keyword> to the specified transformer.

+ +There is no define-syntax analogue of internal definitions.

+ + + +Although macros may expand into definitions and syntax definitions in +any context that permits them, it is an error for a definition or syntax +definition to shadow a syntactic keyword whose meaning is needed to +determine whether some form in the group of forms that contains the +shadowing definition is in fact a definition, or, for internal definitions, +is needed to determine the boundary between the group and the expressions +that follow the group. For example, the following are errors:

+ +

(define define 3) + +(begin (define begin list)) + +(let-syntax + ((foo (syntax-rules () + ((foo (proc args ...) body ...) + (define proc + (lambda (args ...) + body ...)))))) + (let ((x 3)) + (foo (plus x y) (+ x y)) + (define foo x) + (plus foo x))) +

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..815ab1d --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html @@ -0,0 +1,2900 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + +

+ + +

+
Chapter 6
+Standard procedures

+ + +

+ + + +

+ +This chapter describes Scheme's built-in procedures. The initial (or +``top level'') Scheme environment starts out with a number of variables +bound to locations containing useful values, most of which are primitive +procedures that manipulate data. For example, the variable abs is +bound to (a location initially containing) a procedure of one argument +that computes the absolute value of a number, and the variable + +is bound to a procedure that computes sums. Built-in procedures that +can easily be written in terms of other built-in procedures are identified as +``library procedures''.

+ +A program may use a top-level definition to bind any variable. It may +subsequently alter any such binding by an assignment (see 4.1.6). +These operations do not modify the behavior of Scheme's built-in +procedures. Altering any top-level binding that has not been introduced by a +definition has an unspecified effect on the behavior of the built-in procedures.

+ + +

6.1 Equivalence predicates

+ +

+ +A predicate is a procedure that always returns a boolean +value (#t or #f). An equivalence predicate is +the computational analogue of a mathematical equivalence relation (it is +symmetric, reflexive, and transitive). Of the equivalence predicates +described in this section, eq? is the finest or most +discriminating, and equal? is the coarsest. Eqv? is +slightly less discriminating than eq?.

+ +

procedure: (eqv? obj₁ obj₂)

+ +The eqv? procedure defines a useful equivalence relation on objects. +Briefly, it returns #t if obj₁ and obj₂ should +normally be regarded as the same object. This relation is left slightly +open to interpretation, but the following partial specification of +eqv? holds for all implementations of Scheme.

+ +The eqv? procedure returns #t if:

+ +

obj₁ and obj₂ are both #t or both #f.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are both symbols and
+ +
(string=? (symbol->string obj1) + (symbol->string obj2)) + ===> #t
+ +
Note: +This assumes that neither obj₁ nor obj₂ is an ``uninterned +symbol'' as alluded to in section 6.3.3. This report does +not presume to specify the behavior of eqv? on implementation-dependent +extensions. +
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are both numbers, are numerically +equal (see =, section 6.2), and are either both +exact or both inexact.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are both characters and are the same +character according to the char=? procedure +(section 6.3.4).
+ +
both obj₁ and obj₂ are the empty list.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are pairs, vectors, or strings that denote the +same locations in the store (section 3.4).
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are procedures whose location tags are +equal (section 4.1.4). +

+ +The eqv? procedure returns #f if:

+ +

obj₁ and obj₂ are of different types +(section 3.2).
+ +
one of obj₁ and obj₂ is #t but the other is +#f.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are symbols but
+ +
(string=? (symbol->string obj₁) + (symbol->string obj₂)) + ===> #f
+ +
one of obj₁ and obj₂ is an exact number but the other +is an inexact number.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are numbers for which the = +procedure returns #f.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are characters for which the char=? +procedure returns #f.
+ +
one of obj₁ and obj₂ is the empty list but the other +is not.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are pairs, vectors, or strings that denote +distinct locations.
+ +
obj₁ and obj₂ are procedures that would behave differently +(return different value(s) or have different side effects) for some arguments.
+ +

+ +

(eqv? 'a 'a) ===> #t +(eqv? 'a 'b) ===> #f +(eqv? 2 2) ===> #t +(eqv? '() '()) ===> #t +(eqv? 100000000 100000000) ===> #t +(eqv? (cons 1 2) (cons 1 2)) ===> #f +(eqv? (lambda () 1) + (lambda () 2)) ===> #f +(eqv? #f 'nil) ===> #f +(let ((p (lambda (x) x))) + (eqv? p p)) ===> #t

+ +The following examples illustrate cases in which the above rules do +not fully specify the behavior of eqv?. All that can be said +about such cases is that the value returned by eqv? must be a +boolean.

+ +

(eqv? "" "") ===> unspecified +(eqv? '#() '#()) ===> unspecified +(eqv? (lambda (x) x) + (lambda (x) x)) ===> unspecified +(eqv? (lambda (x) x) + (lambda (y) y)) ===> unspecified

+ +The next set of examples shows the use of eqv? with procedures +that have local state. Gen-counter must return a distinct +procedure every time, since each procedure has its own internal counter. +Gen-loser, however, returns equivalent procedures each time, since +the local state does not affect the value or side effects of the +procedures.

+ +

(define gen-counter + (lambda () + (let ((n 0)) + (lambda () (set! n (+ n 1)) n)))) +(let ((g (gen-counter))) + (eqv? g g)) ===> #t +(eqv? (gen-counter) (gen-counter)) + ===> #f +(define gen-loser + (lambda () + (let ((n 0)) + (lambda () (set! n (+ n 1)) 27)))) +(let ((g (gen-loser))) + (eqv? g g)) ===> #t +(eqv? (gen-loser) (gen-loser)) + ===> unspecified + +(letrec ((f (lambda () (if (eqv? f g) 'both 'f))) + (g (lambda () (if (eqv? f g) 'both 'g)))) + (eqv? f g)) + ===> unspecified + +(letrec ((f (lambda () (if (eqv? f g) 'f 'both))) + (g (lambda () (if (eqv? f g) 'g 'both)))) + (eqv? f g)) + ===> #f

+ + +Since it is an error to modify constant objects (those returned by +literal expressions), implementations are permitted, though not +required, to share structure between constants where appropriate. Thus +the value of eqv? on constants is sometimes +implementation-dependent.

+ +

(eqv? '(a) '(a)) ===> unspecified +(eqv? "a" "a") ===> unspecified +(eqv? '(b) (cdr '(a b))) ===> unspecified +(let ((x '(a))) + (eqv? x x)) ===> #t

+ +

Rationale: +The above definition of eqv? allows implementations latitude in +their treatment of procedures and literals: implementations are free +either to detect or to fail to detect that two procedures or two literals +are equivalent to each other, and can decide whether or not to +merge representations of equivalent objects by using the same pointer or +bit pattern to represent both. +

+ +

procedure: (eq? obj₁ obj₂)

+ +Eq? is similar to eqv? except that in some cases it is +capable of discerning distinctions finer than those detectable by +eqv?.

+ +Eq? and eqv? are guaranteed to have the same +behavior on symbols, booleans, the empty list, pairs, procedures, +and non-empty +strings and vectors. Eq?'s behavior on numbers and characters is +implementation-dependent, but it will always return either true or +false, and will return true only when eqv? would also return +true. Eq? may also behave differently from eqv? on empty +vectors and empty strings.

+ +

(eq? 'a 'a) ===> #t +(eq? '(a) '(a)) ===> unspecified +(eq? (list 'a) (list 'a)) ===> #f +(eq? "a" "a") ===> unspecified +(eq? "" "") ===> unspecified +(eq? '() '()) ===> #t +(eq? 2 2) ===> unspecified +(eq? #\A #\A) ===> unspecified +(eq? car car) ===> #t +(let ((n (+ 2 3))) + (eq? n n)) ===> unspecified +(let ((x '(a))) + (eq? x x)) ===> #t +(let ((x '#())) + (eq? x x)) ===> #t +(let ((p (lambda (x) x))) + (eq? p p)) ===> #t

+ +

Rationale: It will usually be possible to implement eq? much +more efficiently than eqv?, for example, as a simple pointer +comparison instead of as some more complicated operation. One reason is +that it may not be possible to compute eqv? of two numbers in +constant time, whereas eq? implemented as pointer comparison will +always finish in constant time. Eq? may be used like eqv? +in applications using procedures to implement objects with state since +it obeys the same constraints as eqv?. +

+ +

library procedure: (equal? obj₁ obj₂)

+ +Equal? recursively compares the contents of pairs, vectors, and +strings, applying eqv? on other objects such as numbers and symbols. +A rule of thumb is that objects are generally equal? if they print +the same. Equal? may fail to terminate if its arguments are +circular data structures.

+ +

(equal? 'a 'a) ===> #t +(equal? '(a) '(a)) ===> #t +(equal? '(a (b) c) + '(a (b) c)) ===> #t +(equal? "abc" "abc") ===> #t +(equal? 2 2) ===> #t +(equal? (make-vector 5 'a) + (make-vector 5 'a)) ===> #t +(equal? (lambda (x) x) + (lambda (y) y)) ===> unspecified

+ +

+ + +

6.2 Numbers

+ + +

+ + + +

+ +Numerical computation has traditionally been neglected by the Lisp +community. Until Common Lisp there was no carefully thought out +strategy for organizing numerical computation, and with the exception of +the MacLisp system [20] little effort was made to +execute numerical code efficiently. This report recognizes the excellent work +of the Common Lisp committee and accepts many of their recommendations. +In some ways this report simplifies and generalizes their proposals in a manner +consistent with the purposes of Scheme.

+ +It is important to distinguish between the mathematical numbers, the +Scheme numbers that attempt to model them, the machine representations +used to implement the Scheme numbers, and notations used to write numbers. +This report uses the types number, complex, real, +rational, and integer to refer to both mathematical numbers +and Scheme numbers. Machine representations such as fixed point and +floating point are referred to by names such as fixnum and +flonum.

+ + + +

6.2.1 Numerical types

+ + +

+ + + +Mathematically, numbers may be arranged into a tower of subtypes +in which each level is a subset of the level above it: +

+ number
+    complex
+    real
+    rational
+    integer +

+ +For example, 3 is an integer. Therefore 3 is also a rational, +a real, and a complex. The same is true of the Scheme numbers +that model 3. For Scheme numbers, these types are defined by the +predicates number?, complex?, real?, rational?, +and integer?.

+ +There is no simple relationship between a number's type and its +representation inside a computer. Although most implementations of +Scheme will offer at least two different representations of 3, these +different representations denote the same integer.

+ + +Scheme's numerical operations treat numbers as abstract data, as +independent of their representation as possible. Although an implementation +of Scheme may use fixnum, flonum, and perhaps other representations for +numbers, this should not be apparent to a casual programmer writing +simple programs.

+ +It is necessary, however, to distinguish between numbers that are +represented exactly and those that may not be. For example, indexes +into data structures must be known exactly, as must some polynomial +coefficients in a symbolic algebra system. On the other hand, the +results of measurements are inherently inexact, and irrational numbers +may be approximated by rational and therefore inexact approximations. +In order to catch uses of inexact numbers where exact numbers are +required, Scheme explicitly distinguishes exact from inexact numbers. +This distinction is orthogonal to the dimension of type.

+ + +

6.2.2 Exactness

+ + + +Scheme numbers are either exact or inexact. A number is +exact if it was written as an exact constant or was derived from +exact numbers using only exact operations. A number is +inexact if it was written as an inexact constant, +if it was +derived using inexact ingredients, or if it was derived using +inexact operations. Thus inexactness is a contagious +property of a number. + +If two implementations produce exact results for a +computation that did not involve inexact intermediate results, +the two ultimate results will be mathematically equivalent. This is +generally not true of computations involving inexact numbers +since approximate methods such as floating point arithmetic may be used, +but it is the duty of each implementation to make the result as close as +practical to the mathematically ideal result.

+ +Rational operations such as + should always produce +exact results when given exact arguments. +If the operation is unable to produce an exact result, +then it may either report the violation of an implementation restriction +or it may silently coerce its +result to an inexact value. +See section 6.2.3.

+ +With the exception of inexact->exact, the operations described in +this section must generally return inexact results when given any inexact +arguments. An operation may, however, return an exact result if it can +prove that the value of the result is unaffected by the inexactness of its +arguments. For example, multiplication of any number by an exact zero +may produce an exact zero result, even if the other argument is +inexact.

+ + +

6.2.3 Implementation restrictions

+ +

+ +Implementations of Scheme are not required to implement the whole +tower of subtypes given in section 6.2.1, +but they must implement a coherent subset consistent with both the +purposes of the implementation and the spirit of the Scheme language. +For example, an implementation in which all numbers are real +may still be quite useful.

+ +Implementations may also support only a limited range of numbers of +any type, subject to the requirements of this section. The supported +range for exact numbers of any type may be different from the +supported range for inexact numbers of that type. For example, +an implementation that uses flonums to represent all its +inexact real numbers may +support a practically unbounded range of exact integers +and rationals +while limiting the range of inexact reals (and therefore +the range of inexact integers and rationals) +to the dynamic range of the flonum format. +Furthermore +the gaps between the representable inexact integers and +rationals are +likely to be very large in such an implementation as the limits of this +range are approached.

+ +An implementation of Scheme must support exact integers +throughout the range of numbers that may be used for indexes of +lists, vectors, and strings or that may result from computing the length of a +list, vector, or string. The length, vector-length, +and string-length procedures must return an exact +integer, and it is an error to use anything but an exact integer as an +index. Furthermore any integer constant within the index range, if +expressed by an exact integer syntax, will indeed be read as an exact +integer, regardless of any implementation restrictions that may apply +outside this range. Finally, the procedures listed below will always +return an exact integer result provided all their arguments are exact integers +and the mathematically expected result is representable as an exact integer +within the implementation:

+ +

+ - * +quotient remainder modulo +max min abs +numerator denominator gcd +lcm floor ceiling +truncate round rationalize +expt

+ +Implementations are encouraged, but not required, to support +exact integers and exact rationals of +practically unlimited size and precision, and to implement the +above procedures and the / procedure in +such a way that they always return exact results when given exact +arguments. If one of these procedures is unable to deliver an exact +result when given exact arguments, then it may either report a +violation of an +implementation restriction or it may silently coerce its result to an +inexact number. Such a coercion may cause an error later.

+ + +An implementation may use floating point and other approximate +representation strategies for inexact numbers. +This report recommends, but does not require, that the IEEE 32-bit +and 64-bit floating point standards be followed by implementations that use +flonum representations, and that implementations using +other representations should match or exceed the precision achievable +using these floating point standards [12].

+ +In particular, implementations that use flonum representations +must follow these rules: A flonum result +must be represented with at least as much precision as is used to express any of +the inexact arguments to that operation. It is desirable (but not required) for +potentially inexact operations such as sqrt, when applied to exact +arguments, to produce exact answers whenever possible (for example the +square root of an exact 4 ought to be an exact 2). +If, however, an +exact number is operated upon so as to produce an inexact result +(as by sqrt), and if the result is represented as a flonum, then +the most precise flonum format available must be used; but if the result +is represented in some other way then the representation must have at least as +much precision as the most precise flonum format available.

+ +Although Scheme allows a variety of written +notations for +numbers, any particular implementation may support only some of them. +For example, an implementation in which all numbers are real +need not support the rectangular and polar notations for complex +numbers. If an implementation encounters an exact numerical constant that +it cannot represent as an exact number, then it may either report a +violation of an implementation restriction or it may silently represent the +constant by an inexact number.

+ + +

6.2.4 Syntax of numerical constants

+ +

+ + + +The syntax of the written representations for numbers is described formally in +section 7.1.1. Note that case is not significant in numerical +constants.

+ + +A number may be written in binary, octal, decimal, or +hexadecimal by the use of a radix prefix. The radix prefixes are #b (binary), #o (octal), #d (decimal), and #x (hexadecimal). With +no radix prefix, a number is assumed to be expressed in decimal.

+ +A +numerical constant may be specified to be either exact or +inexact by a prefix. The prefixes are #e +for exact, and #i for inexact. An exactness +prefix may appear before or after any radix prefix that is used. If +the written representation of a number has no exactness prefix, the +constant may be either inexact or exact. It is +inexact if it contains a decimal point, an +exponent, or a ``#'' character in the place of a digit, +otherwise it is exact. + +In systems with inexact numbers +of varying precisions it may be useful to specify +the precision of a constant. For this purpose, numerical constants +may be written with an exponent marker that indicates the +desired precision of the inexact +representation. The letters s, f, +d, and l specify the use of short, single, +double, and long precision, respectively. (When fewer +than four internal +inexact +representations exist, the four size +specifications are mapped onto those available. For example, an +implementation with two internal representations may map short and +single together and long and double together.) In addition, the +exponent marker e specifies the default precision for the +implementation. The default precision has at least as much precision +as double, but +implementations may wish to allow this default to be set by the user.

+ +

3.14159265358979F0 + Round to single --- 3.141593 +0.6L0 + Extend to long --- .600000000000000

+ + +

6.2.5 Numerical operations

+ +The reader is referred to section 1.3.3 for a summary +of the naming conventions used to specify restrictions on the types of +arguments to numerical routines. +The examples used in this section assume that any numerical constant written +using an exact notation is indeed represented as an exact +number. Some examples also assume that certain numerical constants written +using an inexact notation can be represented without loss of +accuracy; the inexact constants were chosen so that this is +likely to be true in implementations that use flonums to represent +inexact numbers.

+ +

procedure: (number? obj)

+ +

procedure: (complex? obj)

+ +

procedure: (real? obj)

+ +

procedure: (rational? obj)

+ +

procedure: (integer? obj)

+ +These numerical type predicates can be applied to any kind of +argument, including non-numbers. They return #t if the object is +of the named type, and otherwise they return #f. +In general, if a type predicate is true of a number then all higher +type predicates are also true of that number. Consequently, if a type +predicate is false of a number, then all lower type predicates are +also false of that number. + +If z is an inexact complex number, then (real? z) is true if +and only if (zero? (imag-part z)) is true. If x is an inexact +real number, then (integer? x) is true if and only if +(= x (round x)).

+ +

(complex? 3+4i) ===> #t +(complex? 3) ===> #t +(real? 3) ===> #t +(real? -2.5+0.0i) ===> #t +(real? #e1e10) ===> #t +(rational? 6/10) ===> #t +(rational? 6/3) ===> #t +(integer? 3+0i) ===> #t +(integer? 3.0) ===> #t +(integer? 8/4) ===> #t

+ +

Note: +The behavior of these type predicates on inexact numbers +is unreliable, since any inaccuracy may affect the result. +

+ +

Note: +In many implementations the rational? procedure will be the same +as real?, and the complex? procedure will be the same as +number?, but unusual implementations may be able to represent +some irrational numbers exactly or may extend the number system to +support some kind of non-complex numbers. +

+ +

procedure: (exact? z)

+ +

procedure: (inexact? z)

+ +These numerical predicates provide tests for the exactness of a +quantity. For any Scheme number, precisely one of these predicates +is true.

+ +

procedure: (= z₁ z₂ z₃ ...)

+ +

procedure: (< x₁ x₂ x₃ ...)

+ +

procedure: (> x₁ x₂ x₃ ...)

+ +

procedure: (<= x₁ x₂ x₃ ...)

+ +

procedure: (>= x₁ x₂ x₃ ...)

+ +These procedures return #t if their arguments are (respectively): +equal, monotonically increasing, monotonically decreasing, +monotonically nondecreasing, or monotonically nonincreasing.

+ +These predicates are required to be transitive.

+ +

Note: +The traditional implementations of these predicates in Lisp-like +languages are not transitive. +

+ +

Note: +While it is not an error to compare inexact numbers using these +predicates, the results may be unreliable because a small inaccuracy +may affect the result; this is especially true of = and zero?. +When in doubt, consult a numerical analyst. +

+ +

library procedure: (zero? z)

+ +

library procedure: (positive? x)

+ +

library procedure: (negative? x)

+ +

library procedure: (odd? n)

+ +

library procedure: (even? n)

+ +These numerical predicates test a number for a particular property, +returning #t or #f. See note above.

+ +

library procedure: (max x₁ x₂ ...)

+ +

library procedure: (min x₁ x₂ ...)

+ +These procedures return the maximum or minimum of their arguments.

+ +

(max 3 4) ===> 4 ; exact +(max 3.9 4) ===> 4.0 ; inexact

+ +

Note: +If any argument is inexact, then the result will also be inexact (unless +the procedure can prove that the inaccuracy is not large enough to affect the +result, which is possible only in unusual implementations). If min or +max is used to compare numbers of mixed exactness, and the numerical +value of the result cannot be represented as an inexact number without loss of +accuracy, then the procedure may report a violation of an implementation +restriction. +

+ +

procedure: (+ z₁ ...)

+ +

procedure: (* z₁ ...)

+ +These procedures return the sum or product of their arguments. + +

(+ 3 4) ===> 7 +(+ 3) ===> 3 +(+) ===> 0 +(* 4) ===> 4 +(*) ===> 1

+ +

procedure: (- z₁ z₂)

+ +

procedure: (- z)

+ +

optional procedure: (- z₁ z₂ ...)

+ +

procedure: (/ z₁ z₂)

+ +

procedure: (/ z)

+ +

optional procedure: (/ z₁ z₂ ...)

+ +With two or more arguments, these procedures return the difference or +quotient of their arguments, associating to the left. With one argument, +however, they return the additive or multiplicative inverse of their argument. + +

(- 3 4) ===> -1 +(- 3 4 5) ===> -6 +(- 3) ===> -3 +(/ 3 4 5) ===> 3/20 +(/ 3) ===> 1/3

+ +

library procedure: (abs x)

+ +Abs returns the absolute value of its argument. +

(abs -7) ===> 7 +

+ +

procedure: (quotient n₁ n₂)

+ +

procedure: (remainder n₁ n₂)

+ +

procedure: (modulo n₁ n₂)

+ +These procedures implement number-theoretic (integer) +division. n₂ should be non-zero. All three procedures +return integers. If n₁/n₂ is an integer: +

(quotient n₁ n₂) ===> n₁/n₂ + (remainder n₁ n₂) ===> 0 + (modulo n₁ n₂) ===> 0 +

+If n₁/n₂ is not an integer: +

(quotient n₁ n₂) ===> n_q + (remainder n₁ n₂) ===> n_r + (modulo n₁ n₂) ===> n_m +

+where n_q is n₁/n₂ rounded towards zero, +0 < |n_r| < |n₂|, 0 < |n_m| < |n₂|, +n_r and n_m differ from n₁ by a multiple of n₂, +n_r has the same sign as n₁, and +n_m has the same sign as n₂.

+ +From this we can conclude that for integers n₁ and n₂ with +n₂ not equal to 0, +

(= n₁ (+ (* n₂ (quotient n₁ n₂)) + (remainder n₁ n₂))) + ===> #t

+provided all numbers involved in that computation are exact.

+ +

(modulo 13 4) ===> 1 +(remainder 13 4) ===> 1 + +(modulo -13 4) ===> 3 +(remainder -13 4) ===> -1 + +(modulo 13 -4) ===> -3 +(remainder 13 -4) ===> 1 + +(modulo -13 -4) ===> -1 +(remainder -13 -4) ===> -1 + +(remainder -13 -4.0) ===> -1.0 ; inexact

+ +

library procedure: (gcd n₁ ...)

+ +

library procedure: (lcm n₁ ...)

+ +These procedures return the greatest common divisor or least common +multiple of their arguments. The result is always non-negative. + +

(gcd 32 -36) ===> 4 +(gcd) ===> 0 +(lcm 32 -36) ===> 288 +(lcm 32.0 -36) ===> 288.0 ; inexact +(lcm) ===> 1

+ +

procedure: (numerator q)

+ +

procedure: (denominator q)

+ +These procedures return the numerator or denominator of their +argument; the result is computed as if the argument was represented as +a fraction in lowest terms. The denominator is always positive. The +denominator of 0 is defined to be 1. + +

(numerator (/ 6 4)) ===> 3 +(denominator (/ 6 4)) ===> 2 +(denominator + (exact->inexact (/ 6 4))) ===> 2.0

+ +

procedure: (floor x)

+ +

procedure: (ceiling x)

+ +

procedure: (truncate x)

+ +

procedure: (round x)

+ +These procedures return integers. +Floor returns the largest integer not larger than x. +Ceiling returns the smallest integer not smaller than x. +Truncate returns the integer closest to x whose absolute +value is not larger than the absolute value of x. Round returns the +closest integer to x, rounding to even when x is halfway between two +integers.

+ +

Rationale: +Round rounds to even for consistency with the default rounding +mode specified by the IEEE floating point standard. +

+ +

Note: +If the argument to one of these procedures is inexact, then the result +will also be inexact. If an exact value is needed, the +result should be passed to the inexact->exact procedure. +

+ +

(floor -4.3) ===> -5.0 +(ceiling -4.3) ===> -4.0 +(truncate -4.3) ===> -4.0 +(round -4.3) ===> -4.0 + +(floor 3.5) ===> 3.0 +(ceiling 3.5) ===> 4.0 +(truncate 3.5) ===> 3.0 +(round 3.5) ===> 4.0 ; inexact + +(round 7/2) ===> 4 ; exact +(round 7) ===> 7

+ +

library procedure: (rationalize x y)

+ +

+ +Rationalize returns the simplest rational number +differing from x by no more than y. A rational number r₁ is +simpler than another rational number +r₂ if r₁ = p₁/q₁ and r₂ = p₂/q₂ (in lowest terms) and |p₁| +< |p₂| and |q₁| < |q₂|. Thus 3/5 is simpler than 4/7. +Although not all rationals are comparable in this ordering (consider 2/7 +and 3/5) any interval contains a rational number that is simpler than +every other rational number in that interval (the simpler 2/5 lies +between 2/7 and 3/5). Note that 0 = 0/1 is the simplest rational of +all.

+ +

(rationalize + (inexact->exact .3) 1/10) ===> 1/3 ; exact +(rationalize .3 1/10) ===> #i1/3 ; inexact

+ +

procedure: (exp z)

+ +

procedure: (log z)

+ +

procedure: (sin z)

+ +

procedure: (cos z)

+ +

procedure: (tan z)

+ +

procedure: (asin z)

+ +

procedure: (acos z)

+ +

procedure: (atan z)

+ +

procedure: (atan y x)

+ +These procedures are part of every implementation that supports +general +real numbers; they compute the usual transcendental functions. Log +computes the natural logarithm of z (not the base ten logarithm). +Asin, acos, and atan compute arcsine (sin^-1), +arccosine (cos^-1), and arctangent (tan^-1), respectively. +The two-argument variant of atan computes (angle +(make-rectangular x y)) (see below), even in implementations +that don't support general complex numbers.

+ +In general, the mathematical functions log, arcsine, arccosine, and +arctangent are multiply defined. +The value of log z is defined to be the one whose imaginary +part lies in the range from - (exclusive) to (inclusive). +log 0 is undefined. +With log defined this way, the values of sin^-1 z, cos^-1 z, +and tan^-1 z are according to the following formulæ: +

sin^-1 z = - i log (i z + (1 - z²)^1/2)

cos^-1 z =

/ 2 - sin^-1 z

tan^-1 z = (log (1 + i z) - log (1 - i z)) / (2 i)

+ +The above specification follows [27], which in turn +cites [19]; refer to these sources for more detailed +discussion of branch cuts, boundary conditions, and implementation of +these functions. When it is possible these procedures produce a real +result from a real argument.

+ +

procedure: (sqrt z)

+ +Returns the principal square root of z. The result will have +either positive real part, or zero real part and non-negative imaginary +part. +

+ +

procedure: (expt z₁ z₂)

+ +Returns z₁ raised to the power z₂. For z₁ 0 +

z₁^z₂ = e^{z₂ log z₁}

+0^z is 1 if z = 0 and 0 otherwise. +

+ +

procedure: (make-rectangular x₁ x₂)

+ +

procedure: (make-polar x₃ x₄)

+ +

procedure: (real-part z)

+ +

procedure: (imag-part z)

+ +

procedure: (magnitude z)

+ +

procedure: (angle z)

+ +These procedures are part of every implementation that supports +general +complex numbers. Suppose x₁, x₂, x₃, and x₄ are +real numbers and z is a complex number such that +

z = x₁ + x₂i + = x₃ · e^{i x₄}

+Then +

(make-rectangular x₁ x₂) ===> z +(make-polar x₃ x₄) ===> z +(real-part z) ===> x₁ +(imag-part z) ===> x₂ +(magnitude z) ===> |x₃| +(angle z) ===> x_angle +

+where - < x_angle < with x_angle = x₄ + 2 n +for some integer n.

+ +

Rationale: +Magnitude is the same as abs for a real argument, +but abs must be present in all implementations, whereas +magnitude need only be present in implementations that support +general complex numbers. +

+ +

procedure: (exact->inexact z)

+ +

procedure: (inexact->exact z)

+ +Exact->inexact returns an inexact representation of z. +The value returned is the +inexact number that is numerically closest to the argument. +If an exact argument has no reasonably close inexact equivalent, +then a violation of an implementation restriction may be reported.

+ +Inexact->exact returns an exact representation of +z. The value returned is the exact number that is numerically +closest to the argument. +If an inexact argument has no reasonably close exact equivalent, +then a violation of an implementation restriction may be reported.

+ + +These procedures implement the natural one-to-one correspondence between +exact and inexact integers throughout an +implementation-dependent range. See section 6.2.3.

+ +

+ + +

6.2.6 Numerical input and output

+ +

procedure: (number->string z)

+ +

procedure: (number->string z radix)

+ +Radix must be an exact integer, either 2, 8, 10, or 16. If omitted, +radix defaults to 10. +The procedure number->string takes a +number and a radix and returns as a string an external representation of +the given number in the given radix such that +

(let ((number number) + (radix radix)) + (eqv? number + (string->number (number->string number + radix) + radix))) +

+is true. It is an error if no possible result makes this expression true.

+ +If z is inexact, the radix is 10, and the above expression +can be satisfied by a result that contains a decimal point, +then the result contains a decimal point and is expressed using the +minimum number of digits (exclusive of exponent and trailing +zeroes) needed to make the above expression +true [3, 5]; +otherwise the format of the result is unspecified.

+ +The result returned by number->string +never contains an explicit radix prefix.

+ +

Note: +The error case can occur only when z is not a complex number +or is a complex number with a non-rational real or imaginary part. +

+ +

Rationale: +If z is an inexact number represented using flonums, and +the radix is 10, then the above expression is normally satisfied by +a result containing a decimal point. The unspecified case +allows for infinities, NaNs, and non-flonum representations. +

+ +

procedure: (string->number string)

+ +

procedure: (string->number string radix)

+ + +Returns a number of the maximally precise representation expressed by the +given string. Radix must be an exact integer, either 2, 8, 10, +or 16. If supplied, radix is a default radix that may be overridden +by an explicit radix prefix in string (e.g. "#o177"). If radix +is not supplied, then the default radix is 10. If string is not +a syntactically valid notation for a number, then string->number +returns #f.

+ +

(string->number "100") ===> 100 +(string->number "100" 16) ===> 256 +(string->number "1e2") ===> 100.0 +(string->number "15##") ===> 1500.0

+ +

Note: +The domain of string->number may be restricted by implementations +in the following ways. String->number is permitted to return +#f whenever string contains an explicit radix prefix. +If all numbers supported by an implementation are real, then +string->number is permitted to return #f whenever +string uses the polar or rectangular notations for complex +numbers. If all numbers are integers, then +string->number may return #f whenever +the fractional notation is used. If all numbers are exact, then +string->number may return #f whenever +an exponent marker or explicit exactness prefix is used, or if +a # appears in place of a digit. If all inexact +numbers are integers, then +string->number may return #f whenever +a decimal point is used. +

+ +

+ + +

6.3 Other data types

+ +This section describes operations on some of Scheme's non-numeric data types: +booleans, pairs, lists, symbols, characters, strings and vectors.

+ + +

6.3.1 Booleans

+ +

+ +The standard boolean objects for true and false are written as +#t and #f. What really +matters, though, are the objects that the Scheme conditional expressions +(if, cond, and, or, do) treat as +true or false. The phrase ``a true value'' +(or sometimes just ``true'') means any object treated as true by the +conditional expressions, and the phrase ``a false value'' (or +``false'') means any object treated as false by the conditional expressions.

+ +Of all the standard Scheme values, only #f +counts as false in conditional expressions. +Except for #f, +all standard Scheme values, including #t, +pairs, the empty list, symbols, numbers, strings, vectors, and procedures, +count as true.

+ + + +

Note: +Programmers accustomed to other dialects of Lisp should be aware that +Scheme distinguishes both #f and the empty list +from the symbol nil. +

+ +Boolean constants evaluate to themselves, so they do not need to be quoted +in programs.

+ +

#t ===> #t +#f ===> #f +'#f ===> #f

+ +

library procedure: (not obj)

+ +Not returns #t if obj is false, and returns +#f otherwise.

+ +

(not #t) ===> #f +(not 3) ===> #f +(not (list 3)) ===> #f +(not #f) ===> #t +(not '()) ===> #f +(not (list)) ===> #f +(not 'nil) ===> #f

+ +

library procedure: (boolean? obj)

+ +Boolean? returns #t if obj is either #t or +#f and returns #f otherwise.

+ +

(boolean? #f) ===> #t +(boolean? 0) ===> #f +(boolean? '()) ===> #f

+ +

+ + +

6.3.2 Pairs and lists

+ +

+ +A pair (sometimes called a dotted pair) is a +record structure with two fields called the car and cdr fields (for +historical reasons). Pairs are created by the procedure cons. +The car and cdr fields are accessed by the procedures car and +cdr. The car and cdr fields are assigned by the procedures +set-car! and set-cdr!.

+ +Pairs are used primarily to represent lists. A list can +be defined recursively as either the empty list or a pair whose +cdr is a list. More precisely, the set of lists is defined as the smallest +set X such that

+ +

The empty list is in X. +
If list is in X, then any pair whose cdr field contains +list is also in X. +

+ +The objects in the car fields of successive pairs of a list are the +elements of the list. For example, a two-element list is a pair whose car +is the first element and whose cdr is a pair whose car is the second element +and whose cdr is the empty list. The length of a list is the number of +elements, which is the same as the number of pairs.

+ +The empty list is a special object of its own type +(it is not a pair); it has no elements and its length is zero.

+ +

Note: +The above definitions imply that all lists have finite length and are +terminated by the empty list. +

+ +The most general notation (external representation) for Scheme pairs is +the ``dotted'' notation (c₁ . c₂) where +c₁ is the value of the car field and c₂ is the value of the +cdr field. For example (4 . 5) is a pair whose car is 4 and whose +cdr is 5. Note that (4 . 5) is the external representation of a +pair, not an expression that evaluates to a pair.

+ +A more streamlined notation can be used for lists: the elements of the +list are simply enclosed in parentheses and separated by spaces. The +empty list is written () . For example,

+ +

(a b c d e)

+ +and

+ +

(a . (b . (c . (d . (e . ())))))

+ +are equivalent notations for a list of symbols.

+ +A chain of pairs not ending in the empty list is called an +improper list. Note that an improper list is not a list. +The list and dotted notations can be combined to represent +improper lists:

+ +

(a b c . d)

+ +is equivalent to

+ +

(a . (b . (c . d)))

+ +Whether a given pair is a list depends upon what is stored in the cdr +field. When the set-cdr! procedure is used, an object can be a +list one moment and not the next:

+ +

(define x (list 'a 'b 'c)) +(define y x) +y ===> (a b c) +(list? y) ===> #t +(set-cdr! x 4) ===> unspecified +x ===> (a . 4) +(eqv? x y) ===> #t +y ===> (a . 4) +(list? y) ===> #f +(set-cdr! x x) ===> unspecified +(list? x) ===> #f

+ + +Within literal expressions and representations of objects read by the +read procedure, the forms '<datum>, +`<datum>, ,<datum>, and +,@<datum> denote two-element lists whose first elements are +the symbols quote, quasiquote, unquote, and +unquote-splicing, respectively. The second element in each case +is <datum>. This convention is supported so that arbitrary Scheme +programs may be represented as lists. That is, according to Scheme's grammar, every +<expression> is also a <datum> (see section 7.1.2). +Among other things, this permits the use of the read procedure to +parse Scheme programs. See section 3.3.

+ +

procedure: (pair? obj)

+ +Pair? returns #t if obj is a pair, and otherwise +returns #f.

+ +

(pair? '(a . b)) ===> #t +(pair? '(a b c)) ===> #t +(pair? '()) ===> #f +(pair? '#(a b)) ===> #f

+ +

procedure: (cons obj₁ obj₂)

+ +Returns a newly allocated pair whose car is obj₁ and whose cdr is +obj₂. The pair is guaranteed to be different (in the sense of +eqv?) from every existing object.

+ +

(cons 'a '()) ===> (a) +(cons '(a) '(b c d)) ===> ((a) b c d) +(cons "a" '(b c)) ===> ("a" b c) +(cons 'a 3) ===> (a . 3) +(cons '(a b) 'c) ===> ((a b) . c)

+ +

procedure: (car pair)

+ + +Returns the contents of the car field of pair. Note that it is an +error to take the car of the empty list.

+ +

(car '(a b c)) ===> a +(car '((a) b c d)) ===> (a) +(car '(1 . 2)) ===> 1 +(car '()) ===> error

+ +

procedure: (cdr pair)

+ + +Returns the contents of the cdr field of pair. +Note that it is an error to take the cdr of the empty list.

+ +

(cdr '((a) b c d)) ===> (b c d) +(cdr '(1 . 2)) ===> 2 +(cdr '()) ===> error

+ +

procedure: (set-car! pair obj)

+ + +Stores obj in the car field of pair. +The value returned by set-car! is unspecified. +

(define (f) (list 'not-a-constant-list)) +(define (g) '(constant-list)) +(set-car! (f) 3) ===> unspecified +(set-car! (g) 3) ===> error

+ +

procedure: (set-cdr! pair obj)

+ + +Stores obj in the cdr field of pair. +The value returned by set-cdr! is unspecified. +

+ +

library procedure: (caar pair)

+ +

library procedure: (cadr pair)

+ +

library procedure: (cdddar pair)

+ +

library procedure: (cddddr pair)

+ +These procedures are compositions of car and cdr, where +for example caddr could be defined by

+ +

(define caddr (lambda (x) (car (cdr (cdr x))))).

+ +Arbitrary compositions, up to four deep, are provided. There are +twenty-eight of these procedures in all.

+ +

library procedure: (null? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is the empty list, +otherwise returns #f.

+ + +

+ +

library procedure: (list? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is a list, otherwise returns #f. +By definition, all lists have finite length and are terminated by +the empty list.

+ +

(list? '(a b c)) ===> #t + (list? '()) ===> #t + (list? '(a . b)) ===> #f + (let ((x (list 'a))) + (set-cdr! x x) + (list? x)) ===> #f

+ +

library procedure: (list obj ...)

+ +Returns a newly allocated list of its arguments.

+ +

(list 'a (+ 3 4) 'c) ===> (a 7 c) +(list) ===> ()

+ +

library procedure: (length list)

+ + +Returns the length of list.

+ +

(length '(a b c)) ===> 3 +(length '(a (b) (c d e))) ===> 3 +(length '()) ===> 0

+ +

library procedure: (append list ...)

+ + +Returns a list consisting of the elements of the first list +followed by the elements of the other lists.

+ +

(append '(x) '(y)) ===> (x y) +(append '(a) '(b c d)) ===> (a b c d) +(append '(a (b)) '((c))) ===> (a (b) (c))

+ +The resulting list is always newly allocated, except that it shares +structure with the last list argument. The last argument may +actually be any object; an improper list results if the last argument is not a +proper list.

+ +

(append '(a b) '(c . d)) ===> (a b c . d) +(append '() 'a) ===> a

+ +

library procedure: (reverse list)

+ + +Returns a newly allocated list consisting of the elements of list +in reverse order.

+ +

(reverse '(a b c)) ===> (c b a) +(reverse '(a (b c) d (e (f)))) ===> ((e (f)) d (b c) a)

+ +

library procedure: (list-tail list k)

+ +Returns the sublist of list obtained by omitting the first k +elements. It is an error if list has fewer than k elements. +List-tail could be defined by

+ +

(define list-tail + (lambda (x k) + (if (zero? k) + x + (list-tail (cdr x) (- k 1)))))

+ +

library procedure: (list-ref list k)

+ +Returns the kth element of list. (This is the same +as the car of (list-tail list k).) +It is an error if list has fewer than k elements.

+ +

(list-ref '(a b c d) 2) ===> c +(list-ref '(a b c d) + (inexact->exact (round 1.8))) ===> c

+ +

library procedure: (memq obj list)

+ +

library procedure: (memv obj list)

+ +

library procedure: (member obj list)

+ +These procedures return the first sublist of list whose car is +obj, where the sublists of list are the non-empty lists +returned by (list-tail list k) for k less +than the length of list. If +obj does not occur in list, then #f (not the empty list) is +returned. Memq uses eq? to compare obj with the elements of +list, while memv uses eqv? and member uses equal?.

+ +

(memq 'a '(a b c)) ===> (a b c) +(memq 'b '(a b c)) ===> (b c) +(memq 'a '(b c d)) ===> #f +(memq (list 'a) '(b (a) c)) ===> #f +(member (list 'a) + '(b (a) c)) ===> ((a) c) +(memq 101 '(100 101 102)) ===> unspecified +(memv 101 '(100 101 102)) ===> (101 102)

+ +

library procedure: (assq obj alist)

+ +

library procedure: (assv obj alist)

+ +

library procedure: (assoc obj alist)

+ +Alist (for ``association list'') must be a list of +pairs. These procedures find the first pair in alist whose car field is obj, +and returns that pair. If no pair in alist has obj as its +car, then #f (not the empty list) is returned. Assq uses +eq? to compare obj with the car fields of the pairs in alist, +while assv uses eqv? and assoc uses equal?.

+ +

(define e '((a 1) (b 2) (c 3))) +(assq 'a e) ===> (a 1) +(assq 'b e) ===> (b 2) +(assq 'd e) ===> #f +(assq (list 'a) '(((a)) ((b)) ((c)))) + ===> #f +(assoc (list 'a) '(((a)) ((b)) ((c)))) + ===> ((a)) +(assq 5 '((2 3) (5 7) (11 13))) + ===> unspecified +(assv 5 '((2 3) (5 7) (11 13))) + ===> (5 7)

+ +

Rationale: +Although they are ordinarily used as predicates, +memq, memv, member, assq, assv, and assoc do not +have question marks in their names because they return useful values rather +than just #t or #f. +

+ + +

6.3.3 Symbols

+ +

+ +Symbols are objects whose usefulness rests on the fact that two +symbols are identical (in the sense of eqv?) if and only if their +names are spelled the same way. This is exactly the property needed to +represent identifiers in programs, and so most +implementations of Scheme use them internally for that purpose. Symbols +are useful for many other applications; for instance, they may be used +the way enumerated values are used in Pascal.

+ +The rules for writing a symbol are exactly the same as the rules for +writing an identifier; see sections 2.1 +and 7.1.1.

+ +It is guaranteed that any symbol that has been returned as part of +a literal expression, or read using the read procedure, and +subsequently written out using the write procedure, will read back +in as the identical symbol (in the sense of eqv?). The +string->symbol procedure, however, can create symbols for +which this write/read invariance may not hold because their names +contain special characters or letters in the non-standard case.

+ +

Note: +Some implementations of Scheme have a feature known as ``slashification'' +in order to guarantee write/read invariance for all symbols, but +historically the most important use of this feature has been to +compensate for the lack of a string data type.
+ +Some implementations also have ``uninterned symbols'', which +defeat write/read invariance even in implementations with slashification, +and also generate exceptions to the rule that two symbols are the same +if and only if their names are spelled the same. +

+ +

procedure: (symbol? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is a symbol, otherwise returns #f.

+ +

(symbol? 'foo) ===> #t +(symbol? (car '(a b))) ===> #t +(symbol? "bar") ===> #f +(symbol? 'nil) ===> #t +(symbol? '()) ===> #f +(symbol? #f) ===> #f

+ +

procedure: (symbol->string symbol)

+ +Returns the name of symbol as a string. If the symbol was part of +an object returned as the value of a literal expression +(section 4.1.2) or by a call to the read procedure, +and its name contains alphabetic characters, then the string returned +will contain characters in the implementation's preferred standard +case -- some implementations will prefer upper case, others lower case. +If the symbol was returned by string->symbol, the case of +characters in the string returned will be the same as the case in the +string that was passed to string->symbol. It is an error +to apply mutation procedures like string-set! to strings returned +by this procedure.

+ +The following examples assume that the implementation's standard case is +lower case:

+ +

(symbol->string 'flying-fish) + ===> "flying-fish" +(symbol->string 'Martin) ===> "martin" +(symbol->string + (string->symbol "Malvina")) + ===> "Malvina"

+ +

procedure: (string->symbol string)

+ +Returns the symbol whose name is string. This procedure can +create symbols with names containing special characters or letters in +the non-standard case, but it is usually a bad idea to create such +symbols because in some implementations of Scheme they cannot be read as +themselves. See symbol->string.

+ +The following examples assume that the implementation's standard case is +lower case:

+ +

(eq? 'mISSISSIppi 'mississippi) ===> #t +(string->symbol "mISSISSIppi") ===> the symbol with name "mISSISSIppi" +(eq? 'bitBlt (string->symbol "bitBlt")) ===> #f +(eq? 'JollyWog + (string->symbol + (symbol->string 'JollyWog))) ===> #t +(string=? "K. Harper, M.D." + (symbol->string + (string->symbol "K. Harper, M.D."))) ===> #t

+ +

+ + +

6.3.4 Characters

+ +

+ +Characters are objects that represent printed characters such as +letters and digits. +Characters are written using the notation #\<character> +or #\<character name>. +For example:

+ +

+ + + + + + + + +

`#\a`	; lower case letter
`#\A`	; upper case letter
`#\(`	; left parenthesis
`#\`	; the space character
`#\space`	; the preferred way to write a space
`#\newline`	; the newline character

+ +Case is significant in #\<character>, but not in +#\<character name>. If <character> in +#\<character> is alphabetic, then the character +following <character> must be a delimiter character such as a +space or parenthesis. This rule resolves the ambiguous case where, for +example, the sequence of characters ``#\space'' +could be taken to be either a representation of the space character or a +representation of the character ``#\s'' followed +by a representation of the symbol ``pace.''

+ + +Characters written in the #\ notation are self-evaluating. +That is, they do not have to be quoted in programs. + +Some of the procedures that operate on characters ignore the +difference between upper case and lower case. The procedures that +ignore case have ``-ci'' (for ``case +insensitive'') embedded in their names.

+ +

procedure: (char? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is a character, otherwise returns #f.

+ +

procedure: (char=? char₁ char₂)

+ +

procedure: (char<? char₁ char₂)

+ +

procedure: (char>? char₁ char₂)

+ +

procedure: (char<=? char₁ char₂)

+ +

procedure: (char>=? char₁ char₂)

+ + + +These procedures impose a total ordering on the set of characters. It +is guaranteed that under this ordering:

+ +

The upper case characters are in order. For example, (char<? #\A #\B) returns #t. +
The lower case characters are in order. For example, (char<? #\a #\b) returns #t. +
The digits are in order. For example, (char<? #\0 #\9) returns #t. +
Either all the digits precede all the upper case letters, or vice versa. +
Either all the digits precede all the lower case letters, or vice versa. +

+ +Some implementations may generalize these procedures to take more than +two arguments, as with the corresponding numerical predicates.

+ +

library procedure: (char-ci=? char₁ char₂)

+ +

library procedure: (char-ci<? char₁ char₂)

+ +

library procedure: (char-ci>? char₁ char₂)

+ +

library procedure: (char-ci<=? char₁ char₂)

+ +

library procedure: (char-ci>=? char₁ char₂)

+ + +These procedures are similar to char=? et cetera, but they treat +upper case and lower case letters as the same. For example, (char-ci=? #\A #\a) returns #t. Some +implementations may generalize these procedures to take more than two +arguments, as with the corresponding numerical predicates.

+ +

library procedure: (char-alphabetic? char)

+ +

library procedure: (char-numeric? char)

+ +

library procedure: (char-whitespace? char)

+ +

library procedure: (char-upper-case? letter)

+ +

library procedure: (char-lower-case? letter)

+ +These procedures return #t if their arguments are alphabetic, +numeric, whitespace, upper case, or lower case characters, respectively, +otherwise they return #f. The following remarks, which are specific to +the ASCII character set, are intended only as a guide: The alphabetic characters +are the 52 upper and lower case letters. The numeric characters are the +ten decimal digits. The whitespace characters are space, tab, line +feed, form feed, and carriage return. +

+ +

procedure: (char->integer char)

+ +

procedure: (integer->char n)

+ +Given a character, char->integer returns an exact integer +representation of the character. Given an exact integer that is the image of +a character under char->integer, integer->char +returns that character. These procedures implement order-preserving isomorphisms +between the set of characters under the char<=? ordering and some +subset of the integers under the <= ordering. That is, if

+ +

(char<=? a b) ===> #t and (<= x y) ===> #t

+ +and x and y are in the domain of +integer->char, then

+ +

(<= (char->integer a) + (char->integer b)) ===> #t + +(char<=? (integer->char x) + (integer->char y)) ===> #t

+ +

library procedure: (char-upcase char)

+ +

library procedure: (char-downcase char)

+ + +These procedures return a character char₂ such that (char-ci=? char char₂). In addition, if char is +alphabetic, then the result of char-upcase is upper case and the +result of char-downcase is lower case.

+ +

+ + +

6.3.5 Strings

+ +

+ +Strings are sequences of characters. +Strings are written as sequences of characters enclosed within doublequotes +("). A doublequote can be written inside a string only by escaping +it with a backslash (\), as in

+ +

"The word \"recursion\" has many meanings."

+ +A backslash can be written inside a string only by escaping it with another +backslash. Scheme does not specify the effect of a backslash within a +string that is not followed by a doublequote or backslash.

+ +A string constant may continue from one line to the next, but +the exact contents of such a string are unspecified. + +The length of a string is the number of characters that it +contains. This number is an exact, non-negative integer that is fixed when the +string is created. The valid indexes of a string are the +exact non-negative integers less than the length of the string. The first +character of a string has index 0, the second has index 1, and so on.

+ +In phrases such as ``the characters of string beginning with +index start and ending with index end,'' it is understood +that the index start is inclusive and the index end is +exclusive. Thus if start and end are the same index, a null +substring is referred to, and if start is zero and end is +the length of string, then the entire string is referred to.

+ +Some of the procedures that operate on strings ignore the +difference between upper and lower case. The versions that ignore case +have ``-ci'' (for ``case insensitive'') embedded in their +names.

+ +

procedure: (string? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is a string, otherwise returns #f. +

+ +

procedure: (make-string k)

+ +

procedure: (make-string k char)

+ +Make-string returns a newly allocated string of +length k. If char is given, then all elements of the string +are initialized to char, otherwise the contents of the +string are unspecified.

+ +

library procedure: (string char ...)

+ +Returns a newly allocated string composed of the arguments.

+ +

procedure: (string-length string)

+ +Returns the number of characters in the given string. +

+ +

procedure: (string-ref string k)

+ +k must be a valid index of string. +String-ref returns character k of string using zero-origin indexing. +

+ +

procedure: (string-set! string k char)

+ +k must be a valid index of string. +String-set! stores char in element k of string +and returns an unspecified value. +

(define (f) (make-string 3 #\*)) +(define (g) "***") +(string-set! (f) 0 #\?) ===> unspecified +(string-set! (g) 0 #\?) ===> error +(string-set! (symbol->string 'immutable) + 0 + #\?) ===> error

+ +

library procedure: (string=? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string-ci=? string₁ string₂)

+ +Returns #t if the two strings are the same length and contain the same +characters in the same positions, otherwise returns #f. +String-ci=? treats +upper and lower case letters as though they were the same character, but +string=? treats upper and lower case as distinct characters.

+ +

library procedure: (string<? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string>? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string<=? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string>=? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string-ci<? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string-ci>? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string-ci<=? string₁ string₂)

+ +

library procedure: (string-ci>=? string₁ string₂)

+ +These procedures are the lexicographic extensions to strings of the +corresponding orderings on characters. For example, string<? is +the lexicographic ordering on strings induced by the ordering +char<? on characters. If two strings differ in length but +are the same up to the length of the shorter string, the shorter string +is considered to be lexicographically less than the longer string.

+ +Implementations may generalize these and the string=? and +string-ci=? procedures to take more than two arguments, as with +the corresponding numerical predicates.

+ +

library procedure: (substring string start end)

+ +String must be a string, and start and end +must be exact integers satisfying +

0 < start < end < (string-length string).

+Substring returns a newly allocated string formed from the characters of +string beginning with index start (inclusive) and ending with index +end (exclusive). +

+ +

library procedure: (string-append string ...)

+ +Returns a newly allocated string whose characters form the concatenation of the +given strings.

+ +

library procedure: (string->list string)

+ +

library procedure: (list->string list)

+ +String->list returns a newly allocated list of the +characters that make up the given string. List->string +returns a newly allocated string formed from the characters in the list +list, which must be a list of characters. String->list +and list->string are +inverses so far as equal? is concerned. + +

+ +

library procedure: (string-copy string)

+ +Returns a newly allocated copy of the given string.

+ +

library procedure: (string-fill! string char)

+ +Stores char in every element of the given string and returns an +unspecified value. +

+ + +

6.3.6 Vectors

+ +

+ +Vectors are heterogenous structures whose elements are indexed +by integers. A vector typically occupies less space than a list +of the same length, and the average time required to access a randomly +chosen element is typically less for the vector than for the list.

+ +The length of a vector is the number of elements that it +contains. This number is a non-negative integer that is fixed when the +vector is created. The valid indexes of a +vector are the exact non-negative integers less than the length of the +vector. The first element in a vector is indexed by zero, and the last +element is indexed by one less than the length of the vector.

+ +Vectors are written using the notation #(obj ...). +For example, a vector of length 3 containing the number zero in element +0, the list (2 2 2 2) in element 1, and the string "Anna" in +element 2 can be written as following:

+ +

#(0 (2 2 2 2) "Anna")

+ +Note that this is the external representation of a vector, not an +expression evaluating to a vector. Like list constants, vector +constants must be quoted:

+ +

'#(0 (2 2 2 2) "Anna") ===> #(0 (2 2 2 2) "Anna")

+ +

procedure: (vector? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is a vector, otherwise returns #f. +

+ +

procedure: (make-vector k)

+ +

procedure: (make-vector k fill)

+ +Returns a newly allocated vector of k elements. If a second +argument is given, then each element is initialized to fill. +Otherwise the initial contents of each element is unspecified.

+ +

library procedure: (vector obj ...)

+ +Returns a newly allocated vector whose elements contain the given +arguments. Analogous to list.

+ +

(vector 'a 'b 'c) ===> #(a b c)

+ +

procedure: (vector-length vector)

+ +Returns the number of elements in vector as an exact integer. +

+ +

procedure: (vector-ref vector k)

+ +k must be a valid index of vector. +Vector-ref returns the contents of element k of +vector.

+ +

(vector-ref '#(1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21) + 5) ===> 8 +(vector-ref '#(1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21) + (let ((i (round (* 2 (acos -1))))) + (if (inexact? i) + (inexact->exact i) + i))) ===> 13

+ +

procedure: (vector-set! vector k obj)

+ +k must be a valid index of vector. +Vector-set! stores obj in element k of vector. +The value returned by vector-set! is unspecified. +

(let ((vec (vector 0 '(2 2 2 2) "Anna"))) + (vector-set! vec 1 '("Sue" "Sue")) + vec) ===> #(0 ("Sue" "Sue") "Anna") + +(vector-set! '#(0 1 2) 1 "doe") ===> error ; constant vector

+ +

library procedure: (vector->list vector)

+ +

library procedure: (list->vector list)

+ +Vector->list returns a newly allocated list of the objects contained +in the elements of vector. List->vector returns a newly +created vector initialized to the elements of the list list.

+ +

(vector->list '#(dah dah didah)) ===> (dah dah didah) +(list->vector '(dididit dah)) ===> #(dididit dah)

+ +

library procedure: (vector-fill! vector fill)

+ +Stores fill in every element of vector. +The value returned by vector-fill! is unspecified. +

+ + +

6.4 Control features

+ +

+ + +This chapter describes various primitive procedures which control the +flow of program execution in special ways. +The procedure? predicate is also described here.

+ +

procedure: (procedure? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is a procedure, otherwise returns #f.

+ +

(procedure? car) ===> #t +(procedure? 'car) ===> #f +(procedure? (lambda (x) (* x x))) + ===> #t +(procedure? '(lambda (x) (* x x))) + ===> #f +(call-with-current-continuation procedure?) + ===> #t

+ +

procedure: (apply proc arg₁ ... args)

+ +Proc must be a procedure and args must be a list. +Calls proc with the elements of the list +(append (list arg₁ ...) args) as the actual +arguments.

+ +

(apply + (list 3 4)) ===> 7 + +(define compose + (lambda (f g) + (lambda args + (f (apply g args))))) + +((compose sqrt *) 12 75) ===> 30

+ +

library procedure: (map proc list₁ list₂ ...)

+ +The lists must be lists, and proc must be a +procedure taking as many arguments as there are lists +and returning a single value. If more +than one list is given, then they must all be the same length. +Map applies proc element-wise to the elements of the +lists and returns a list of the results, in order. +The dynamic order in which proc is applied to the elements of the +lists is unspecified.

+ +

(map cadr '((a b) (d e) (g h))) ===> (b e h) + +(map (lambda (n) (expt n n)) + '(1 2 3 4 5)) ===> (1 4 27 256 3125) + +(map + '(1 2 3) '(4 5 6)) ===> (5 7 9) + +(let ((count 0)) + (map (lambda (ignored) + (set! count (+ count 1)) + count) + '(a b))) ===> (1 2) or (2 1) +

+ +

library procedure: (for-each proc list₁ list₂ ...)

+ +The arguments to for-each are like the arguments to map, but +for-each calls proc for its side effects rather than for its +values. Unlike map, for-each is guaranteed to call proc on +the elements of the lists in order from the first element(s) to the +last, and the value returned by for-each is unspecified.

+ +

(let ((v (make-vector 5))) + (for-each (lambda (i) + (vector-set! v i (* i i))) + '(0 1 2 3 4)) + v) ===> #(0 1 4 9 16)

+ +

library procedure: (force promise)

+ +Forces the value of promise (see delay, +section 4.2.5). If no value has been computed for +the promise, then a value is computed and returned. The value of the +promise is cached (or ``memoized'') so that if it is forced a second +time, the previously computed value is returned. + +

(force (delay (+ 1 2))) ===> 3 +(let ((p (delay (+ 1 2)))) + (list (force p) (force p))) + ===> (3 3) + +(define a-stream + (letrec ((next + (lambda (n) + (cons n (delay (next (+ n 1))))))) + (next 0))) +(define head car) +(define tail + (lambda (stream) (force (cdr stream)))) + +(head (tail (tail a-stream))) + ===> 2

+ +Force and delay are mainly intended for programs written in +functional style. The following examples should not be considered to +illustrate good programming style, but they illustrate the property that +only one value is computed for a promise, no matter how many times it is +forced. + +

(define count 0) +(define p + (delay (begin (set! count (+ count 1)) + (if (> count x) + count + (force p))))) +(define x 5) +p ===> a promise +(force p) ===> 6 +p ===> a promise, still +(begin (set! x 10) + (force p)) ===> 6

+ +Here is a possible implementation of delay and force. +Promises are implemented here as procedures of no arguments, +and force simply calls its argument:

+ +

(define force + (lambda (object) + (object)))

+ +We define the expression

+ +

(delay <expression>)

+ +to have the same meaning as the procedure call

+ +

(make-promise (lambda () <expression>)) +

+ +as follows

+ +

(define-syntax delay + (syntax-rules () + ((delay expression) + (make-promise (lambda () expression))))),

+ +where make-promise is defined as follows:

+ + +

(define make-promise + (lambda (proc) + (let ((result-ready? #f) + (result #f)) + (lambda () + (if result-ready? + result + (let ((x (proc))) + (if result-ready? + result + (begin (set! result-ready? #t) + (set! result x) + result))))))))

+ +

Rationale: +A promise may refer to its own value, as in the last example above. +Forcing such a promise may cause the promise to be forced a second time +before the value of the first force has been computed. +This complicates the definition of make-promise. +

+ +Various extensions to this semantics of delay and force +are supported in some implementations:

+ +

Calling force on an object that is not a promise may simply +return the object.
+ +
It may be the case that there is no means by which a promise can be +operationally distinguished from its forced value. That is, expressions +like the following may evaluate to either #t or to #f, +depending on the implementation:
+ +
(eqv? (delay 1) 1) ===> unspecified +(pair? (delay (cons 1 2))) ===> unspecified
+ +
Some implementations may implement ``implicit forcing,'' where +the value of a promise is forced by primitive procedures like cdr +and +: + + (+ (delay (* 3 7)) 13) ===> 34 +

+ +

procedure: (call-with-current-continuation proc)

+ + Proc must be a procedure of one +argument. The procedure call-with-current-continuation packages +up the current continuation (see the rationale below) as an ``escape +procedure'' and passes it as an argument to +proc. The escape procedure is a Scheme procedure that, if it is +later called, will abandon whatever continuation is in effect at that later +time and will instead use the continuation that was in effect +when the escape procedure was created. Calling the escape procedure +may cause the invocation of before and after thunks installed using +dynamic-wind.

+ +The escape procedure accepts the same number of arguments as the continuation to +the original call to call-with-current-continuation. +Except for continuations created by the call-with-values +procedure, all continuations take exactly one value. The +effect of passing no value or more than one value to continuations +that were not created by call-with-values is unspecified.

+ +The escape procedure that is passed to proc has +unlimited extent just like any other procedure in Scheme. It may be stored +in variables or data structures and may be called as many times as desired.

+ +The following examples show only the most common ways in which +call-with-current-continuation is used. If all real uses were as +simple as these examples, there would be no need for a procedure with +the power of call-with-current-continuation.

+ +

(call-with-current-continuation + (lambda (exit) + (for-each (lambda (x) + (if (negative? x) + (exit x))) + '(54 0 37 -3 245 19)) + #t)) ===> -3 + +(define list-length + (lambda (obj) + (call-with-current-continuation + (lambda (return) + (letrec ((r + (lambda (obj) + (cond ((null? obj) 0) + ((pair? obj) + (+ (r (cdr obj)) 1)) + (else (return #f)))))) + (r obj)))))) + +(list-length '(1 2 3 4)) ===> 4 + +(list-length '(a b . c)) ===> #f

+ +

Rationale:
+ +A common use of call-with-current-continuation is for +structured, non-local exits from loops or procedure bodies, but in fact +call-with-current-continuation is extremely useful for implementing a +wide variety of advanced control structures.
+ +Whenever a Scheme expression is evaluated there is a +continuation wanting the result of the expression. The continuation +represents an entire (default) future for the computation. If the expression is +evaluated at top level, for example, then the continuation might take the +result, print it on the screen, prompt for the next input, evaluate it, and +so on forever. Most of the time the continuation includes actions +specified by user code, as in a continuation that will take the result, +multiply it by the value stored in a local variable, add seven, and give +the answer to the top level continuation to be printed. Normally these +ubiquitous continuations are hidden behind the scenes and programmers do not +think much about them. On rare occasions, however, a programmer may +need to deal with continuations explicitly. +Call-with-current-continuation allows Scheme programmers to do +that by creating a procedure that acts just like the current +continuation.
+ +Most programming languages incorporate one or more special-purpose +escape constructs with names like exit, return, or +even goto. In 1965, however, Peter Landin [16] +invented a general purpose escape operator called the J-operator. John +Reynolds [24] described a simpler but equally powerful +construct in 1972. The catch special form described by Sussman +and Steele in the 1975 report on Scheme is exactly the same as +Reynolds's construct, though its name came from a less general construct +in MacLisp. Several Scheme implementors noticed that the full power of the +catch construct could be provided by a procedure instead of by a +special syntactic construct, and the name +call-with-current-continuation was coined in 1982. This name is +descriptive, but opinions differ on the merits of such a long name, and +some people use the name call/cc instead. +

+ +

procedure: (values obj ...)

+ +Delivers all of its arguments to its continuation. +Except for continuations created by the call-with-values +procedure, all continuations take exactly one value. +Values might be defined as follows: +

(define (values . things) + (call-with-current-continuation + (lambda (cont) (apply cont things)))) +

+ +

procedure: (call-with-values producer consumer)

+ +Calls its producer argument with no values and +a continuation that, when passed some values, calls the +consumer procedure with those values as arguments. +The continuation for the call to consumer is the +continuation of the call to call-with-values.

+ +

(call-with-values (lambda () (values 4 5)) + (lambda (a b) b)) + ===> 5 + +(call-with-values * -) ===> -1 +

+ +

procedure: (dynamic-wind before thunk after)

+ +Calls thunk without arguments, returning the result(s) of this call. +Before and after are called, also without arguments, as required +by the following rules (note that in the absence of calls to continuations +captured using call-with-current-continuation the three arguments are +called once each, in order). Before is called whenever execution +enters the dynamic extent of the call to thunk and after is called +whenever it exits that dynamic extent. The dynamic extent of a procedure +call is the period between when the call is initiated and when it +returns. In Scheme, because of call-with-current-continuation, the +dynamic extent of a call may not be a single, connected time period. +It is defined as follows: +

The dynamic extent is entered when execution of the body of the +called procedure begins.
+ +
The dynamic extent is also entered when execution is not within +the dynamic extent and a continuation is invoked that was captured +(using call-with-current-continuation) during the dynamic extent.
+ +
It is exited when the called procedure returns.
+ +
It is also exited when execution is within the dynamic extent and +a continuation is invoked that was captured while not within the +dynamic extent. +

+ +If a second call to dynamic-wind occurs within the dynamic extent of the +call to thunk and then a continuation is invoked in such a way that the +afters from these two invocations of dynamic-wind are both to be +called, then the after associated with the second (inner) call to +dynamic-wind is called first.

+ +If a second call to dynamic-wind occurs within the dynamic extent of the +call to thunk and then a continuation is invoked in such a way that the +befores from these two invocations of dynamic-wind are both to be +called, then the before associated with the first (outer) call to +dynamic-wind is called first.

+ +If invoking a continuation requires calling the before from one call +to dynamic-wind and the after from another, then the after +is called first.

+ +The effect of using a captured continuation to enter or exit the dynamic +extent of a call to before or after is undefined.

+ +

(let ((path '()) + (c #f)) + (let ((add (lambda (s) + (set! path (cons s path))))) + (dynamic-wind + (lambda () (add 'connect)) + (lambda () + (add (call-with-current-continuation + (lambda (c0) + (set! c c0) + 'talk1)))) + (lambda () (add 'disconnect))) + (if (< (length path) 4) + (c 'talk2) + (reverse path)))) + ===> (connect talk1 disconnect + connect talk2 disconnect) +

+ + +

6.5 `Eval`

+ +

procedure: (eval expression environment-specifier)

+ +Evaluates expression in the specified environment and returns its value. +Expression must be a valid Scheme expression represented as data, +and environment-specifier must be a value returned by one of the +three procedures described below. +Implementations may extend eval to allow non-expression programs +(definitions) as the first argument and to allow other +values as environments, with the restriction that eval is not +allowed to create new bindings in the environments associated with +null-environment or scheme-report-environment.

+ +

(eval '(* 7 3) (scheme-report-environment 5)) + ===> 21 + +(let ((f (eval '(lambda (f x) (f x x)) + (null-environment 5)))) + (f + 10)) + ===> 20 +

+ +

procedure: (scheme-report-environment version)

+ +

procedure: (null-environment version)

+ +Version must be the exact integer 5, +corresponding to this revision of the Scheme report (the +Revised⁵ Report on Scheme). +Scheme-report-environment returns a specifier for an +environment that is empty except for all bindings defined in +this report that are either required or both optional and +supported by the implementation. Null-environment returns +a specifier for an environment that is empty except for the +(syntactic) bindings for all syntactic keywords defined in +this report that are either required or both optional and +supported by the implementation.

+ +Other values of version can be used to specify environments +matching past revisions of this report, but their support is not +required. An implementation will signal an error if version +is neither 5 nor another value supported by +the implementation.

+ +The effect of assigning (through the use of eval) a variable +bound in a scheme-report-environment +(for example car) is unspecified. Thus the environments specified +by scheme-report-environment may be immutable.

+ +

optional procedure: (interaction-environment)

+ +This procedure returns a specifier for the environment that +contains implementation-defined bindings, typically a superset of +those listed in the report. The intent is that this procedure +will return the environment in which the implementation would evaluate +expressions dynamically typed by the user.

+ +

+ + +

6.6 Input and output

+ + +

6.6.1 Ports

+ +

+ +Ports represent input and output devices. To Scheme, an input port is a +Scheme object that can deliver characters upon command, while an output port +is a Scheme object that can accept characters.

+ +

library procedure: (call-with-input-file string proc)

+ +

library procedure: (call-with-output-file string proc)

+ +String should be a string naming a file, and +proc should be a procedure that accepts one argument. +For call-with-input-file, +the file should already exist; for +call-with-output-file, +the effect is unspecified if the file +already exists. These procedures call proc with one argument: the +port obtained by opening the named file for input or output. If the +file cannot be opened, an error is signalled. If proc returns, +then the port is closed automatically and the value(s) yielded by the +proc is(are) returned. If proc does not return, then +the port will not be closed automatically unless it is possible to +prove that the port will never again be used for a read or write +operation. + +

Rationale: +Because Scheme's escape procedures have unlimited extent, it is +possible to escape from the current continuation but later to escape back in. +If implementations were permitted to close the port on any escape from the +current continuation, then it would be impossible to write portable code using +both call-with-current-continuation and call-with-input-file or +call-with-output-file. + +

+ +

procedure: (input-port? obj)

+ +

procedure: (output-port? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is an input port or output port +respectively, otherwise returns #f.

+ +

procedure: (current-input-port)

+ +

procedure: (current-output-port)

+ +Returns the current default input or output port.

+ +

optional procedure: (with-input-from-file string thunk)

+ +

optional procedure: (with-output-to-file string thunk)

+ +String should be a string naming a file, and +proc should be a procedure of no arguments. +For with-input-from-file, +the file should already exist; for +with-output-to-file, +the effect is unspecified if the file +already exists. +The file is opened for input or output, an input or output port +connected to it is made the default value returned by +current-input-port or current-output-port +(and is used by (read), (write obj), and so forth), +and the +thunk is called with no arguments. When the thunk returns, +the port is closed and the previous default is restored. +With-input-from-file and with-output-to-file return(s) the +value(s) yielded by thunk. +If an escape procedure +is used to escape from the continuation of these procedures, their +behavior is implementation dependent.

+ + + +

+ +

procedure: (open-input-file filename)

+ +Takes a string naming an existing file and returns an input port capable of +delivering characters from the file. If the file cannot be opened, an error is +signalled.

+ +

procedure: (open-output-file filename)

+ +Takes a string naming an output file to be created and returns an output +port capable of writing characters to a new file by that name. If the file +cannot be opened, an error is signalled. If a file with the given name +already exists, the effect is unspecified.

+ +

procedure: (close-input-port port)

+ +

procedure: (close-output-port port)

+ +Closes the file associated with port, rendering the port +incapable of delivering or accepting characters. +These routines have no effect if the file has already been closed. +The value returned is unspecified.

+ +

+ + +

6.6.2 Input

+ +

library procedure: (read)

+ +

library procedure: (read port)

+ +Read converts external representations of Scheme objects into the +objects themselves. That is, it is a parser for the nonterminal +<datum> (see sections 7.1.2 and +6.3.2). Read returns the next +object parsable from the given input port, updating port to point to +the first character past the end of the external representation of the object.

+ +If an end of file is encountered in the input before any +characters are found that can begin an object, then an end of file +object is returned. The port remains open, and further attempts +to read will also return an end of file object. If an end of file is +encountered after the beginning of an object's external representation, +but the external representation is incomplete and therefore not parsable, +an error is signalled.

+ +The port argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the +value returned by current-input-port. It is an error to read from +a closed port. +

+ +

procedure: (read-char)

+ +

procedure: (read-char port)

+ +Returns the next character available from the input port, updating +the port to point to the following character. If no more characters +are available, an end of file object is returned. Port may be +omitted, in which case it defaults to the value returned by current-input-port.

+ +

procedure: (peek-char)

+ +

procedure: (peek-char port)

+ +Returns the next character available from the input port, +without updating +the port to point to the following character. If no more characters +are available, an end of file object is returned. Port may be +omitted, in which case it defaults to the value returned by current-input-port.

+ +

Note: +The value returned by a call to peek-char is the same as the +value that would have been returned by a call to read-char with the +same port. The only difference is that the very next call to +read-char or peek-char on that port will return the +value returned by the preceding call to peek-char. In particular, a call +to peek-char on an interactive port will hang waiting for input +whenever a call to read-char would have hung. +

+ +

procedure: (eof-object? obj)

+ +Returns #t if obj is an end of file object, otherwise returns +#f. The precise set of end of file objects will vary among +implementations, but in any case no end of file object will ever be an object +that can be read in using read.

+ +

procedure: (char-ready?)

+ +

procedure: (char-ready? port)

+ +Returns #t if a character is ready on the input port and +returns #f otherwise. If char-ready returns #t then +the next read-char operation on the given port is guaranteed +not to hang. If the port is at end of file then char-ready? +returns #t. Port may be omitted, in which case it defaults to +the value returned by current-input-port.

+ +

Rationale: +Char-ready? exists to make it possible for a program to +accept characters from interactive ports without getting stuck waiting for +input. Any input editors associated with such ports must ensure that +characters whose existence has been asserted by char-ready? cannot +be rubbed out. If char-ready? were to return #f at end of +file, a port at end of file would be indistinguishable from an interactive +port that has no ready characters. +

+ + +

6.6.3 Output

+ +

+ + +

+ +

library procedure: (write obj)

+ +

library procedure: (write obj port)

+ +Writes a written representation of obj to the given port. Strings +that appear in the written representation are enclosed in doublequotes, and +within those strings backslash and doublequote characters are +escaped by backslashes. +Character objects are written using the #\ notation. +Write returns an unspecified value. The +port argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the value +returned by current-output-port.

+ +

library procedure: (display obj)

+ +

library procedure: (display obj port)

+ +Writes a representation of obj to the given port. Strings +that appear in the written representation are not enclosed in +doublequotes, and no characters are escaped within those strings. Character +objects appear in the representation as if written by write-char +instead of by write. Display returns an unspecified value. +The port argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the +value returned by current-output-port.

+ +

Rationale: +Write is intended +for producing machine-readable output and display is for producing +human-readable output. Implementations that allow ``slashification'' +within symbols will probably want write but not display to +slashify funny characters in symbols. +

+ +

library procedure: (newline)

+ +

library procedure: (newline port)

+ +Writes an end of line to port. Exactly how this is done differs +from one operating system to another. Returns an unspecified value. +The port argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the +value returned by current-output-port.

+ +

procedure: (write-char char)

+ +

procedure: (write-char char port)

+ +Writes the character char (not an external representation of the +character) to the given port and returns an unspecified value. The +port argument may be omitted, in which case it defaults to the value +returned by current-output-port.

+ +

+ + +

6.6.4 System interface

+ +Questions of system interface generally fall outside of the domain of this +report. However, the following operations are important enough to +deserve description here.

+ +

optional procedure: (load filename)

+ +

+ +Filename should be a string naming an existing file +containing Scheme source code. The load procedure reads +expressions and definitions from the file and evaluates them +sequentially. It is unspecified whether the results of the expressions +are printed. The load procedure does not affect the values +returned by current-input-port and current-output-port. +Load returns an unspecified value.

+ +

Rationale: +For portability, load must operate on source files. +Its operation on other kinds of files necessarily varies among +implementations. +

+ +

optional procedure: (transcript-on filename)

+ +

optional procedure: (transcript-off)

+ +Filename must be a string naming an output file to be +created. The effect of transcript-on is to open the named file +for output, and to cause a transcript of subsequent interaction between +the user and the Scheme system to be written to the file. The +transcript is ended by a call to transcript-off, which closes the +transcript file. Only one transcript may be in progress at any time, +though some implementations may relax this restriction. The values +returned by these procedures are unspecified.

+ +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec29f48 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs.html @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ + + + + + +Revised^5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme + + + + + + + + +

+ +

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+ + +

+ +

Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme

+ +20 February 1998
+
+Richard Kelsey, William Clinger, and Jonathan Rees (Editors)
+
+ + + + + +

H. Abelson	R. K. Dybvig	C. T. Haynes	G. J. Rozas
N. I. Adams IV	D. P. Friedman	E. Kohlbecker	G. L. Steele Jr.
D. H. Bartley	R. Halstead	D. Oxley	G. J. Sussman
G. Brooks	C. Hanson	K. M. Pitman	M. Wand

+Dedicated to the Memory of Robert Hieb +

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+ + + + + +

+ + +

+ + + diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/real-index.html b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/real-index.html new file mode 120000 index 0000000..f8442d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/real-index.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +r5rs.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/index.shtml b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24b6ac1 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/R5RS/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Documents: Standards: R5RS + + + +

R5RS

+ +

+R5RS is the Revised⁵ Report on the +Algorithmic Language Scheme. Thanks to the efforts of +several volunteers, we provide it in numerous formats. +

+ +

+The master copies are +available in DVI and +PostScript. +You can also get it in +PDF (thanks to Brad Lucier), +HTML (thanks to Dorai Sitaram, and Bill Robinson + for the frames), and +CHM (thanks to Jonas Lund) +formats. +We also offer a +tar.gz bundle of the HTML files. +

+ +

+The older report, R4RS, is also available in + +Windows HLP format (thanks to Sergei Egorov). +

+ +

+The journal +Higher-Order and Symbolic +Computation (formerly Lisp and Symbolic +Computation, which published archival versions of so many +excellent papers on or using Scheme) has the document in its +archive. The formal +citations are +

+R. Kelsey, W. Clinger, J. Rees (eds.), +Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, +Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation, Vol. 11, No. 1, + August, 1998
+and
+ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 33, No. 9, September, 1998 +

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y(it)e(w)n(ere)f(in)h(tail)f(p)r(osition)h(within)g(the)g +Fq(eval)e Fy(pro)r(cedure.)1933 82 y(In)j(the)g(follo)n(wing)f(example) +h(the)g(only)f(tail)h(call)f(is)h(the)g(call)g(to)f Fq(f)p +Fy(.)1933 174 y(None)i(of)f(the)h(calls)f(to)h Fq(g)f +Fy(or)f Fq(h)i Fy(are)e(tail)i(calls.)42 b(The)30 b(reference)e(to)1933 +265 y Fq(x)h Fy(is)f(in)h(a)f(tail)h(con)n(text,)g(but)g(it)g(is)g(not) +f(a)h(call)f(and)h(th)n(us)f(is)h(not)g(a)1933 356 y(tail)f(call.)2090 +487 y Fm($lambda)41 b(\($)2169 578 y($if)f(\(g$)2326 +670 y($let)g(\(\(x)g(\(h$\)\))2404 761 y(x\))2326 852 +y($and)g(\(g$)g($f$\)\)\))1933 1083 y Fj(Note:)64 +b Fl(Implemen)n(tations)18 b(are)j(allo)n(w)n(ed,)i(but)c(not)h +(required,)h(to)f(recog-)1933 1183 y(nize)j(that)f(some)f(non-tail)i +(calls,)h(suc)n(h)e(as)h(the)f(call)h(to)f Fm(h)h Fl(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)g +(can)f(b)r(e)1933 1282 y(ev)l(aluated)i(as)g(though)f(they)g(w)n(ere)h +(tail)h(calls.)35 b(In)23 b(the)g(example)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e,)1933 +1382 y(the)29 b Fm(let)g Fl(expression)g(could)g(b)r(e)g(compiled)f(as) +h(a)h(tail)f(call)h(to)f Fm(h)p Fl(.)44 b($The)1933 +1482 y(p)r(ossibilit)n(y)30 b(of)g Fm(h)f Fl(returning)g(an)g(unexp)r +(ected)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)j(v)l(alues)f(can)1933 +1581 y(b)r(e)19 b(ignored,)j(b)r(ecause)e(in)f(that)g(case)h(the)f +(e\013ect)g(of)h(the)f Fm(let)h Fl(is)g(explicitly)1933 +1681 y(unsp)r(eci\014ed)25 b(and)h(implemen)n(tation-dep)r(enden)n +(t.$)1933 1940 y Fu(4.)162 b(Expressions)1933 2079 y +Fy(Expression)35 b(t)n(yp)r(es)h(are)f(categorized)g(as)h +Fw(primitive)i Fy(or)d Fw(derive)l(d)p Fy(.)1933 2179 +y(Primitiv)n(e)23 b(expression)e(t)n(yp)r(es)j(include)f(v)-5 +b(ariables)22 b(and)h(pro)r(cedure)1933 2278 y(calls.)38 +b(Deriv)n(ed)27 b(expression)g(t)n(yp)r(es)h(are)f(not)h(seman)n +(tically)e(prim-)1933 2378 y(itiv)n(e,)31 b(but)f(can)g(instead)g(b)r +(e)g(de\014ned)h(as)e(macros.)42 b(With)31 b(the)g(ex-)1933 +2478 y(ception)23 b(of)h Fq(quasiquote)p Fy(,)c(whose)i(macro)g +(de\014nition)h(is)g(complex,)1933 2577 y(the)39 b(deriv)n(ed)f +(expressions)f(are)h(classi\014ed)f(as)h(library)g(features.)1933 +2677 y(Suitable)28 b(de\014nitions)g(are)e(giv)n(en)h(in)h(section)f +(7.3.)1933 2957 y Fu(4.1.)57 b(Primitiv)m(e)33 b(expression)38 +b(t)m(yp)s(es)1933 3168 y Fv(4.1.1.)46 b(V)-8 b(ariable)32 +b(references)1933 3381 y Fp(h)p Fy(v)-5 b(ariable)p Fp(i)1522 +b Fy(syn)n(tax)1933 3520 y(An)41 b(expression)e(consisting)g(of)h(a)g +(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b($section)h(3.1$)g(is)g(a)1933 +3620 y(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(reference.)59 b(The)35 b(v)-5 +b(alue)35 b(of)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(reference)f(is)1933 +3720 y(the)k(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(stored)f(in)i(the)g(lo)r(cation)e(to)h +(whic)n(h)g(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)1933 3819 y(b)r(ound.)i(It)28 +b(is)f(an)g(error)f(to)h(reference)g(an)g(un)n(b)r(ound)h(v)-5 +b(ariable.)2090 3966 y Fm($define)41 b(x)e(28$)2090 +4057 y(x)1060 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(28)1933 4324 +y Fv(4.1.2.)46 b(Literal)32 b(expressions)1933 4537 y +Fq($quote)41 b Fp(h)p Fy(datum)p Fp(i)q Fq($)1222 b +Fy(syn)n(tax)1933 4636 y Fq(')p Fp(h)p Fy(datum)p Fp(i)1528 +b Fy(syn)n(tax)1933 4736 y Fp(h)p Fy(constan)n(t)p Fp(i)1499 +b Fy(syn)n(tax)1933 4875 y Fq($quote)41 b Fp(h)p Fy(datum)p +Fp(i)q Fq($)28 b Fy(ev)-5 b(aluates)27 b(to)h Fp(h)p +Fy(datum)p Fp(i)q Fy(.)38 b Fp(h)p Fy(Datum)p Fp(i)29 +b Fy(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)1933 4975 y(an)n(y)36 b(external)h(represen)n +(tation)e(of)i(a)f(Sc)n(heme)h(ob)5 b(ject)37 b($see)g(sec-)1933 +5075 y(tion)25 b(3.3$.)36 b(This)25 b(notation)f(is)h(used)g(to)f +(include)i(literal)e(constan)n(ts)1933 5174 y(in)k(Sc)n(heme)g(co)r +(de.)2090 5321 y Fm($quote)41 b(a$)746 b Fl(=)-13 b +Fk(\))78 b Fm(a)2090 5412 y($quote)41 b(#\(a)f(b)f(c$\))472 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#$a)40 b(b)f(c$)2090 5504 +y($quote)i(\(+)e(1)h(2$\))511 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm($+)39 b(1)h(2$)p eop +%%Page: 9 9 +9 8 bop 3373 -125 a Fy(4.)55 b(Expressions)81 b(9)-300 +82 y Fq($quote)41 b Fp(h)p Fy(datum)p Fp(i)q Fq($)32 +b Fy(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)i(abbreviated)e(as)h Fq(')p Fp(h)p +Fy(datum)p Fp(i)p Fy(.)51 b(The)-300 182 y(t)n(w)n(o)27 +b(notations)g(are)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t)28 b(in)f(all)h(resp)r(ects.) +-143 331 y Fm('a)1020 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(a)-143 +423 y('#$a)40 b(b)g(c$)745 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b +Fm(#$a)40 b(b)g(c$)-143 514 y(')981 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fm()-143 605 y('$+)40 b(1)f(2$)785 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($+)40 b(1)g(2$)-143 697 +y('$quote)h(a$)706 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($quote)41 +b(a$)-143 788 y(''a)981 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($quote)41 +b(a$)-300 946 y Fy(Numerical)20 b(constan)n(ts,)h(string)f(constan)n +(ts,)g(c)n(haracter)f(constan)n(ts,)-300 1045 y(and)k(b)r(o)r(olean)f +(constan)n(ts)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)23 b(\\to)f(themselv)n(es";)i(they)f +(need)-300 1145 y(not)28 b(b)r(e)g(quoted.)-143 1294 +y Fm('"abc")864 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm("abc")-143 +1386 y("abc")903 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm("abc")-143 +1477 y('145932)825 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(145932)-143 +1568 y(145932)864 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(145932)-143 +1660 y('#t)981 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)-143 1751 +y(#t)1020 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)-300 1909 y Fy(As)33 +b(noted)g(in)h(section)e(3.4,)i(it)g(is)f(an)f(error)f(to)i(alter)g(a)g +(constan)n(t)-300 2008 y($i.e.)24 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)24 +b(of)f(a)g(literal)g(expression$)f(using)h(a)g(m)n(utation)g(pro-)-300 +2108 y(cedure)k(lik)n(e)g Fq(set-car!)e Fy(or)h Fq(string-set!)p +Fy(.)-300 2365 y Fv(4.1.3.)46 b(Pro)s(cedure)32 b(calls)-300 +2581 y Fq($)p Fp(h)p Fy(op)r(erator)p Fp(i)42 b(h)p +Fy(op)r(erand)485 2593 y Fr(1)522 2581 y Fp(i)h Fo(:)14 +b(:)g(:)g Fq($)819 b Fy(syn)n(tax)-300 2714 y(A)33 b(pro)r(cedure)e +(call)h(is)g(written)h(b)n(y)f(simply)g(enclosing)f(in)i(paren-)-300 +2805 y(theses)g(expressions)e(for)h(the)i(pro)r(cedure)e(to)h(b)r(e)g +(called)g(and)f(the)-300 2897 y(argumen)n(ts)f(to)h(b)r(e)g(passed)g +(to)f(it.)51 b(The)32 b(op)r(erator)f(and)h(op)r(erand)-300 +2988 y(expressions)22 b(are)h(ev)-5 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b($see)-300 4084 y Fq(values)27 +b Fy(in)j(section)f(6.4$.)41 b(With)30 b(the)g(exception)f(of)g +Fq(values)e Fy(the)-300 4184 y(pro)r(cedures)h(a)n(v)-5 +b(ailable)28 b(in)i(the)g(initial)g(en)n(vironmen)n(t)e(return)h(one) +-300 4283 y(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(or,)g(for)g(pro)r(cedures)f(suc)n(h)h(as)f +Fq(apply)p Fy(,)g(pass)g(on)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)-300 +4383 y(returned)27 b(b)n(y)g(a)h(call)f(to)g(one)h(of)f(their)h +(argumen)n(ts.)-300 4524 y(Pro)r(cedure)e(calls)h(are)g(also)f(called)h +Fw(c)l(ombinations)p Fy(.)-300 4665 y Fj(Note:)136 b +Fl(In)42 b(con)n(trast)h(to)f(other)h(dialects)h(of)f(Lisp,)k(the)42 +b(order)h(of)-300 4765 y(ev)l(aluation)30 b(is)f(unsp)r(eci\014ed,)h +(and)f(the)g(op)r(erator)h(expression)f(and)g(the)-300 +4864 y(op)r(erand)c(expressions)h(are)g(alw)n(a)n(ys)g(ev)l(aluated)f +(with)h(the)e(same)h(ev)l(alu-)-300 4964 y(ation)h(rules.)-300 +5105 y Fj(Note:)82 b Fl(Although)28 b(the)h(order)g(of)h(ev)l(aluation) +f(is)h(otherwise)g(unsp)r(eci-)-300 5205 y(\014ed,)23 +b(the)f(e\013ect)h(of)g(an)n(y)f(concurren)n(t)h(ev)l(aluation)g(of)g +(the)f(op)r(erator)i(and)-300 5304 y(op)r(erand)29 b(expressions)h(is)f +(constrained)h(to)f(b)r(e)g(consisten)n(t)h(with)f(some)-300 +5404 y(sequen)n(tial)d(order)g(of)h(ev)l(aluation.)35 +b(The)26 b(order)g(of)h(ev)l(aluation)f(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)-300 +5504 y(c)n(hosen)h(di\013eren)n(tly)f(for)h(eac)n(h)g(pro)r(cedure)g +(call.)1933 82 y Fj(Note:)93 b Fl(In)31 b(man)n(y)f(dialects)j(of)f +(Lisp,)i(the)d(empt)n(y)f(com)n(bination,)j Fm()p +Fl(,)1933 182 y(is)27 b(a)g(legitimate)g(expression.)37 +b(In)26 b(Sc)n(heme,)f(com)n(binations)i(m)n(ust)e(ha)n(v)n(e)1933 +281 y(at)36 b(least)h(one)f(sub)r(expression,)i(so)f +Fm()f Fl(is)g(not)g(a)g(syn)n(tactically)g(v)l(alid)1933 +381 y(expression.)1933 593 y Fv(4.1.4.)46 b(Pro)s(cedures)1933 +788 y Fq($lambda)41 b Fp(h)p Fy(formals)p Fp(i)i(h)p +Fy(b)r(o)r(dy)p Fp(i)q Fq($)857 b Fy(syn)n(tax)1933 +917 y Fw(Syntax:)59 b Fp(h)p Fy(F)-7 b(ormals)p Fp(i)38 +b Fy(should)h(b)r(e)g(a)f(formal)g(argumen)n(ts)g(list)h(as)1933 +1016 y(describ)r(ed)32 b(b)r(elo)n(w,)g(and)g Fp(h)p +Fy(b)r(o)r(dy)p Fp(i)h Fy(should)e(b)r(e)h(a)g(sequence)f(of)h(one)1933 +1116 y(or)27 b(more)g(expressions.)1933 1244 y Fw(Semantics:)38 +b Fy(A)26 b Fq(lambda)e Fy(expression)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)26 +b(to)g(a)f(pro)r(cedure.)1933 1344 y(The)e(en)n(vironmen)n(t)f(in)i +(e\013ect)f(when)h(the)f Fq(lambda)e Fy(expression)g(w)n(as)1933 +1444 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)31 b(is)f(remem)n(b)r(ered)g(as)g(part)h(of)f +(the)h(pro)r(cedure.)46 b(When)1933 1543 y(the)31 b(pro)r(cedure)e(is)h +(later)g(called)g(with)h(some)f(actual)f(argumen)n(ts,)1933 +1643 y(the)22 b(en)n(vironmen)n(t)e(in)h(whic)n(h)g(the)g +Fq(lambda)e Fy(expression)h(w)n(as)g(ev)-5 b(alu-)1933 +1743 y(ated)20 b(will)h(b)r(e)f(extended)h(b)n(y)f(binding)g(the)h(v)-5 +b(ariables)19 b(in)h(the)h(formal)1933 1842 y(argumen)n(t)30 +b(list)i(to)f(fresh)g(lo)r(cations,)g(the)g(corresp)r(onding)f(actual) +1933 1942 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b(to)i(single)g(|)g Fm(3.141593)-143 4374 +y(0.6L0)170 4465 y Fl(Extend)e(to)i(long)g(|)g Fm(.600000000000000)-300 +4727 y Fv(6.2.5.)46 b(Numerical)30 b(op)s(erations)-300 +4906 y Fy(The)37 b(reader)e(is)h(referred)g(to)g(section)g(1.3.3)g(for) +g(a)g(summary)g(of)-300 5005 y(the)27 b(naming)g(con)n(v)n(en)n(tions)e +(used)j(to)e(sp)r(ecify)i(restrictions)e(on)g(the)-300 +5105 y(t)n(yp)r(es)34 b(of)g(argumen)n(ts)e(to)i(n)n(umerical)f +(routines.)55 b(The)34 b(examples)-300 5205 y(used)j(in)f(this)h +(section)f(assume)g(that)h(an)n(y)f(n)n(umerical)g(constan)n(t)-300 +5304 y(written)h(using)f(an)g(exact)h(notation)f(is)g(indeed)h +(represen)n(ted)f(as)-300 5404 y(an)24 b(exact)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er.)36 +b(Some)24 b(examples)g(also)g(assume)g(that)g(certain)-300 +5504 y(n)n(umerical)i(constan)n(ts)f(written)i(using)f(an)g(inexact)g +(notation)g(can)1933 82 y(b)r(e)33 b(represen)n(ted)f(without)h(loss)f +(of)g(accuracy;)i(the)f(inexact)f(con-)1933 182 y(stan)n(ts)23 +b(w)n(ere)g(c)n(hosen)f(so)h(that)g(this)h(is)f(lik)n(ely)g(to)g(b)r(e) +h(true)f(in)h(imple-)1933 281 y(men)n(tations)f(that)h(use)g(\015on)n +(ums)f(to)h(represen)n(t)e(inexact)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers.)1933 +518 y Fq($number?)41 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1197 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +618 y Fq($complex?)40 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1154 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +718 y Fq($real?)41 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1285 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +817 y Fq($rational?)40 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1110 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +917 y Fq($integer?)40 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1154 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +1049 y(These)20 b(n)n(umerical)g(t)n(yp)r(e)g(predicates)g(can)g(b)r(e) +h(applied)f(to)g(an)n(y)g(kind)1933 1148 y(of)i(argumen)n(t,)f +(including)h(non-n)n(um)n(b)r(ers.)34 b(They)21 b(return)g +Fq(#t)g Fy(if)h(the)1933 1248 y(ob)5 b(ject)25 b(is)g(of)h(the)f(named) +g(t)n(yp)r(e,)h(and)f(otherwise)g(they)g(return)g Fq(#f)p +Fy(.)1933 1348 y(In)38 b(general,)i(if)e(a)g(t)n(yp)r(e)g(predicate)f +(is)h(true)g(of)g(a)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(then)1933 1447 +y(all)i(higher)e(t)n(yp)r(e)i(predicates)f(are)f(also)h(true)g(of)h +(that)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er.)1933 1547 y(Consequen)n(tly)-7 +b(,)24 b(if)h(a)e(t)n(yp)r(e)h(predicate)f(is)h(false)g(of)g(a)f(n)n +(um)n(b)r(er,)i(then)1933 1647 y(all)j(lo)n(w)n(er)e(t)n(yp)r(e)h +(predicates)g(are)g(also)f(false)i(of)f(that)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er.)1933 +1778 y(If)e Fo(z)j Fy(is)c(an)h(inexact)f(complex)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er,)g +(then)h Fq($real?)41 b Fo(z)t Fq($)25 b Fy(is)g(true)1933 +1878 y(if)33 b(and)e(only)h(if)g Fq($zero?)41 b(\(imag-part)f +Fo(z)s Fq($\))31 b Fy(is)h(true.)49 b(If)32 b Fo(x)h +Fy(is)e(an)1933 1978 y(inexact)21 b(real)e(n)n(um)n(b)r(er,)j(then)f +Fq($integer?)40 b Fo(x)q Fq($)20 b Fy(is)g(true)h(if)g(and)g(only) +1933 2077 y(if)28 b Fq($=)43 b Fo(x)h Fq(\(round)d Fo(x)q +Fq($\))p Fy(.)2090 2213 y Fm($complex?)g(3+4i$)512 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 2304 y($complex?)41 +b(3$)629 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 2396 y($real?)41 +b(3$)746 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 2487 y($real?)41 +b(-2.5+0.0i$)434 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 +2578 y($real?)41 b(#e1e10$)551 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm(#t)2090 2670 y($rational?)42 b(6/10$)472 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 2761 y($rational?)42 b(6/3$)511 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 2852 y($integer?)41 +b(3+0i$)512 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 2944 +y($integer?)41 b(3.0$)551 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 +3035 y($integer?)41 b(8/4$)551 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm(#t)1933 3179 y Fj(Note:)e Fl(The)28 b(b)r(eha)n(vior)g(of)g(these) +g(t)n(yp)r(e)e(predicates)i(on)g(inexact)f(n)n(um-)1933 +3279 y(b)r(ers)f(is)g(unreliable,)h(since)f(an)n(y)f(inaccuracy)h(ma)n +(y)f(a\013ect)h(the)f(result.)1933 3411 y Fj(Note:)68 +b Fl(In)23 b(man)n(y)g(implemen)n(tations)g(the)g Fm(rational?)j +Fl(pro)r(cedure)f(will)1933 3510 y(b)r(e)i(the)f(same)g(as)h +Fm(real?)p Fl(,)h(and)e(the)g Fm(complex?)i Fl(pro)r(cedure)e(will)i(b) +r(e)e(the)1933 3610 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Fy(and)f Fp(j)p Fo(q)3727 644 y Fr(1)3765 632 +y Fp(j)g(\024)g(j)p Fo(q)3959 644 y Fr(2)3996 632 y Fp(j)p +Fy(.)1933 732 y(Th)n(us)32 b(3)p Fo(=)p Fy(5)f(is)h(simpler)g(than)g(4) +p Fo(=)p Fy(7.)49 b(Although)32 b(not)g(all)g(rationals)1933 +832 y(are)22 b(comparable)f(in)j(this)f(ordering)e($consider)h(2)p +Fo(=)p Fy(7)f(and)i(3)p Fo(=)p Fy(5$)f(an)n(y)1933 931 +y(in)n(terv)-5 b(al)21 b(con)n(tains)g(a)g(rational)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h +(that)h(is)g(simpler)f(than)h(ev-)1933 1031 y(ery)i(other)g(rational)f +(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)h(in)h(that)f(in)n(terv)-5 b(al)24 b($the)h(simpler)g +(2)p Fo(=)p Fy(5)1933 1130 y(lies)31 b(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)g(2)p +Fo(=)p Fy(7)e(and)i(3)p Fo(=)p Fy(5$.)46 b(Note)31 b(that)g(0)d(=)g(0) +p Fo(=)p Fy(1)h(is)i(the)g(sim-)1933 1230 y(plest)d(rational)e(of)i +(all.)2090 1406 y Fm($rationalize)2169 1497 y(\(inexact->exact)42 +b(.3$)e(1/10\))h Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fm(1/3)157 b(;)40 +b(exact)2090 1588 y($rationalize)i(.3)e(1/10$)276 b +Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fm(#i1/3)79 b(;)40 b(inexact)1933 +1916 y Fq($exp)i Fo(z)s Fq($)1447 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2016 y Fq($log)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1447 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2116 y Fq($sin)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1447 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2215 y Fq($cos)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1447 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2315 y Fq($tan)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1447 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2415 y Fq($asin)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1403 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2514 y Fq($acos)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1403 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2614 y Fq($atan)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1403 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2713 y Fq($atan)42 b Fo(y)k(x)q Fq($)1310 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2865 y(These)38 b(pro)r(cedures)f(are)g(part)g(of)h(ev)n(ery)f +(implemen)n(tation)h(that)1933 2965 y(supp)r(orts)k(general)e(real)h(n) +n(um)n(b)r(ers;)48 b(they)42 b(compute)g(the)g(usual)1933 +3064 y(transcenden)n(tal)35 b(functions.)62 b Fq(Log)35 +b Fy(computes)h(the)g(natural)f(log-)1933 3164 y(arithm)41 +b(of)h Fo(z)j Fy($not)c(the)h(base)f(ten)h(logarithm$.)77 +b Fq(Asin)p Fy(,)44 b Fq(acos)p Fy(,)1933 3263 y(and)30 +b Fq(atan)f Fy(compute)h(arcsine)f($sin)3056 3229 y +Ff(\000)p Fr(1)3145 3263 y Fy($,)i(arccosine)d($cos)3733 +3233 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)3822 3263 y Fy($,)j(and)1933 3363 +y(arctangen)n(t)g($tan)2503 3333 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)2592 +3363 y Fy($,)i(resp)r(ectiv)n(ely)-7 b(.)49 b(The)32 +b(t)n(w)n(o-argumen)n(t)d(v)-5 b(ari-)1933 3463 y(an)n(t)24 +b(of)g Fq(atan)f Fy(computes)h Fq($angle)41 b(\(make-rectangul)o(ar)c +Fo(x)44 b(y)s Fq($\))1933 3562 y Fy($see)37 b(b)r(elo)n(w$,)h(ev)n +(en)e(in)h(implemen)n(tations)f(that)h(don't)f(supp)r(ort)1933 +3662 y(general)26 b(complex)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers.)1933 +3814 y(In)38 b(general,)h(the)f(mathematical)f(functions)h(log,)h +(arcsine,)g(arc-)1933 3913 y(cosine,)30 b(and)g(arctangen)n(t)f(are)g +(m)n(ultiply)h(de\014ned.)45 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b(of)1933 4013 y(log)14 b Fo(z)32 b Fy(is)d(de\014ned)g(to)f(b)r(e)h +(the)g(one)f(whose)g(imaginary)f(part)h(lies)h(in)1933 +4112 y(the)d(range)e(from)h Fp(\000)p Fo(\031)k Fy($exclusiv)n(e$)c +(to)g Fo(\031)k Fy($inclusiv)n(e$.)37 b(log)14 b(0)25 +b(is)g(un-)1933 4212 y(de\014ned.)52 b(With)33 b(log)g(de\014ned)g +(this)f(w)n(a)n(y)-7 b(,)33 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)h(sin)3874 +4177 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)3977 4212 y Fo(z)t Fy(,)1933 4312 +y(cos)2044 4282 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)2147 4312 y Fo(z)t Fy(,)45 +b(and)c(tan)2553 4281 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)2656 4312 y Fo(z)j +Fy(are)c(according)g(to)h(the)h(follo)n(wing)e(for-)1933 +4411 y(m)n(ul\032:)2430 4527 y(sin)2532 4492 y Ff(\000)p +Fr(1)2635 4527 y Fo(z)27 b Fy(=)22 b Fp(\000)p Fo(i)14 +b Fy(log$)p Fo(iz)21 b Fy(+)3207 4445 y Fe(p)p 3290 +4445 223 4 v 82 x Fy(1)d Fp(\000)g Fo(z)3476 4503 y Fr(2)3513 +4527 y Fy($)2563 4707 y(cos)2674 4673 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)2777 +4707 y Fo(z)27 b Fy(=)22 b Fo(\031)s(=)p Fy(2)c Fp(\000)g +Fy(sin)3267 4672 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)3370 4707 y Fo(z)2243 +4888 y Fy(tan)2363 4854 y Ff(\000)p Fr(1)2466 4888 y +Fo(z)26 b Fy(=)d($log\(1)c(+)f Fo(iz)t Fy($)f Fp(\000)h +Fy(log$1)h Fp(\000)f Fo(iz)t Fy($\))p Fo(=)p Fy($2)p +Fo(i)p Fy($)1933 5105 y(The)67 b(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(sp)r(eci\014cation)h +(follo)n(ws)f([27)o(],)77 b(whic)n(h)67 b(in)g(turn)1933 +5205 y(cites)21 b([19)o(];)i(refer)c(to)h(these)h(sources)d(for)i(more) +g(detailed)g(discussion)1933 5304 y(of)31 b(branc)n(h)f(cuts,)h(b)r +(oundary)f(conditions,)h(and)g(implemen)n(tation)1933 +5404 y(of)37 b(these)f(functions.)63 b(When)37 b(it)g(is)f(p)r(ossible) +g(these)g(pro)r(cedures)1933 5504 y(pro)r(duce)27 b(a)h(real)e(result)i +(from)f(a)g(real)g(argumen)n(t.)p eop +%%Page: 24 24 +24 23 bop -300 -125 a Fy(24)82 b(Revised)147 -156 y Fr(5)212 +-125 y Fy(Sc)n(heme)-300 82 y Fq($sqrt)42 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1403 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 213 y(Returns)22 b(the)g(principal)f(square)g +(ro)r(ot)g(of)g Fo(z)t Fy(.)35 b(The)22 b(result)f(will)h(ha)n(v)n(e) +-300 313 y(either)h(p)r(ositiv)n(e)f(real)h(part,)g(or)f(zero)g(real)g +(part)h(and)g(non-negativ)n(e)-300 412 y(imaginary)j(part.)-300 +625 y Fq($expt)42 b Fo(z)1 637 y Fr(1)81 625 y Fo(z)120 +637 y Fr(2)157 625 y Fq($)1250 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +756 y(Returns)27 b Fo(z)54 768 y Fr(1)119 756 y Fy(raised)g(to)g(the)h +(p)r(o)n(w)n(er)e Fo(z)885 768 y Fr(2)922 756 y Fy(.)37 +b(F)-7 b(or)27 b Fo(z)1170 768 y Fr(1)1230 756 y Fp(6)p +Fy(=)c(0)487 914 y Fo(z)526 926 y Fr(1)563 879 y Fn(z)595 +887 y Fd(2)654 914 y Fy(=)g Fo(e)781 879 y Fn(z)813 887 +y Fd(2)856 879 y Fr(log)12 b Fn(z)985 887 y Fd(1)-300 +1071 y Fy(0)-258 1040 y Fn(z)-193 1071 y Fy(is)28 b(1)f(if)h +Fo(z)f Fy(=)22 b(0)27 b(and)h(0)f(otherwise.)-300 1284 +y Fq($make-rectangula)o(r)38 b Fo(x)532 1296 y Fr(1)613 +1284 y Fo(x)660 1296 y Fr(2)698 1284 y Fq($)709 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1383 y Fq($make-polar)39 b Fo(x)270 1395 y Fr(3)351 +1383 y Fo(x)398 1395 y Fr(4)436 1383 y Fq($)971 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1483 y Fq($real-part)39 b Fo(z)t Fq($)1185 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1583 y Fq($imag-part)39 b Fo(z)t Fq($)1185 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1682 y Fq($magnitude)39 b Fo(z)t Fq($)1185 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1782 y Fq($angle)41 b Fo(z)s Fq($)1360 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1913 y(These)38 b(pro)r(cedures)e(are)h(part)h(of)g(ev)n(ery)e +(implemen)n(tation)j(that)-300 2012 y(supp)r(orts)d(general)f(complex)i +(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers.)63 b(Supp)r(ose)37 b Fo(x)1455 2024 +y Fr(1)1492 2012 y Fy(,)i Fo(x)1601 2024 y Fr(2)1639 +2012 y Fy(,)g Fo(x)1748 2024 y Fr(3)1786 2012 y Fy(,)-300 +2112 y(and)30 b Fo(x)-89 2124 y Fr(4)-21 2112 y Fy(are)f(real)g(n)n(um) +n(b)r(ers)h(and)g Fo(z)k Fy(is)c(a)f(complex)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(suc)n +(h)-300 2212 y(that)322 2311 y Fo(z)d Fy(=)22 b Fo(x)522 +2323 y Fr(1)579 2311 y Fy(+)c Fo(x)709 2323 y Fr(2)746 +2311 y Fo(i)23 b Fy(=)g Fo(x)933 2323 y Fr(3)989 2311 +y Fp(\001)18 b Fo(e)1069 2277 y(i)o(x)1144 2289 y Fr(4)-300 +2437 y Fy(Then)-143 2560 y Fm($make-rectangular)43 b +Fh(x)607 2568 y Fi(1)680 2560 y Fh(x)724 2568 y Fi(2)758 +2560 y Fm($)158 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fh(z)-143 2651 +y Fm($make-polar)j Fh(x)372 2659 y Fi(3)445 2651 y Fh(x)489 +2659 y Fi(4)523 2651 y Fm($)393 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 +b Fh(z)-143 2742 y Fm($real-part)i Fh(z)s Fm($)589 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fh(x)1162 2750 y Fi(1)-143 2834 +y Fm($imag-part)i Fh(z)s Fm($)589 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 +b Fh(x)1162 2842 y Fi(2)-143 2925 y Fm($magnitude)i +Fh(z)s Fm($)589 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b(j)p Fh(x)1183 +2933 y Fi(3)1218 2925 y Fk(j)-143 3016 y Fm($angle)i +Fh(z)r Fm($)746 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fh(x)1162 3025 +y Fg(ang)r(le)-300 3239 y Fy(where)31 b Fp(\000)p Fo(\031)h(<)d(x)229 +3251 y Fn(ang)r(le)427 3239 y Fp(\024)f Fo(\031)35 b +Fy(with)d Fo(x)842 3251 y Fn(ang)r(le)1040 3239 y Fy(=)d +Fo(x)1181 3251 y Fr(4)1239 3239 y Fy(+)21 b(2)p Fo(\031)s(n)31 +b Fy(for)f(some)-300 3338 y(in)n(teger)d Fo(n)p Fy(.)-300 +3469 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)123 b Fm(Magnitude)41 b Fl(is)f(the)e(same)h +(as)h Fm(abs)g Fl(for)g(a)g(real)g(argu-)-300 3569 y(men)n(t,)23 +b(but)g Fm(abs)i Fl(m)n(ust)e(b)r(e)g(presen)n(t)h(in)g(all)h(implemen) +n(tations,)f(whereas)-300 3668 y Fm(magnitude)32 b Fl(need)e(only)f(b)r +(e)h(presen)n(t)g(in)g(implemen)n(tations)f(that)h(sup-)-300 +3768 y(p)r(ort)c(general)g(complex)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers.)-300 +3981 y Fq($exact->inexact)37 b Fo(z)t Fq($)967 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +4081 y Fq($inexact->exact)37 b Fo(z)t Fq($)967 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +4212 y Fq(Exact->inexact)35 b Fy(returns)40 b(an)g(inexact)g(represen)n +(tation)f(of)h Fo(z)t Fy(.)-300 4311 y(The)31 b(v)-5 +b(alue)30 b(returned)g(is)h(the)g(inexact)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(that)h +(is)f(n)n(umeri-)-300 4411 y(cally)24 b(closest)h(to)g(the)g(argumen)n +(t.)35 b(If)25 b(an)g(exact)g(argumen)n(t)f(has)g(no)-300 +4511 y(reasonably)i(close)i(inexact)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t,)28 +b(then)h(a)f(violation)g(of)g(an)-300 4610 y(implemen)n(tation)g +(restriction)e(ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)h(rep)r(orted.)-300 4741 +y Fq(Inexact->exact)17 b Fy(returns)k(an)h(exact)g(represen)n(tation)f +(of)h Fo(z)t Fy(.)35 b(The)-300 4841 y(v)-5 b(alue)20 +b(returned)g(is)h(the)g(exact)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(that)h(is)f(n)n +(umerically)g(clos-)-300 4940 y(est)34 b(to)f(the)h(argumen)n(t.)53 +b(If)34 b(an)f(inexact)h(argumen)n(t)e(has)h(no)g(rea-)-300 +5040 y(sonably)e(close)g(exact)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)n(t,)33 +b(then)f(a)g(violation)f(of)g(an)h(im-)-300 5140 y(plemen)n(tation)27 +b(restriction)g(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)h(rep)r(orted.)-300 5271 +y(These)e(pro)r(cedures)g(implemen)n(t)h(the)g(natural)f(one-to-one)f +(corre-)-300 5370 y(sp)r(ondence)k(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)f(exact)g(and)h +(inexact)f(in)n(tegers)g(throughout)-300 5470 y(an)f(implemen)n +(tation-dep)r(enden)n(t)h(range.)36 b(See)27 b(section)h(6.2.3.)1933 +82 y Fv(6.2.6.)46 b(Numerical)30 b(input)i(and)g(output)1933 +368 y Fq($number->string)38 b Fw(z)10 b Fq($)965 b +Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 468 y Fq($number->string)38 b Fw(z)43 +b(r)l(adix)10 b Fq($)743 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 600 +y Fo(R)q(adix)31 b Fy(m)n(ust)g(b)r(e)g(an)g(exact)f(in)n(teger,)h +(either)g(2,)g(8,)h(10,)f(or)f(16.)46 b(If)1933 691 y(omitted,)40 +b Fo(r)r(adix)e Fy(defaults)f(to)f(10.)64 b(The)37 b(pro)r(cedure)e +Fq(number->)1933 782 y(string)22 b Fy(tak)n(es)h(a)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g +(and)g(a)g(radix)f(and)h(returns)g(as)f(a)h(string)1933 +874 y(an)d(external)g(represen)n(tation)f(of)h(the)h(giv)n(en)e(n)n(um) +n(b)r(er)i(in)f(the)h(giv)n(en)1933 965 y(radix)27 b(suc)n(h)g(that) +2090 1097 y Fm($let)40 b(\(\(number)h Fh(number)r Fm($)2326 +1188 y($radix)f Fh(r)r(adix)o Fm($\))2169 1279 y($eqv?)g(number)2404 +1371 y(\(string->number)j(\(number->string)f(number)3659 +1462 y(radix$)3032 1553 y(radix\)\)\))1933 1785 y Fy(is)33 +b(true.)52 b(It)33 b(is)f(an)g(error)f(if)i(no)g(p)r(ossible)f(result)g +(mak)n(es)g(this)h(ex-)1933 1884 y(pression)27 b(true.)1933 +2025 y(If)35 b Fo(z)i Fy(is)d(inexact,)h(the)g(radix)e(is)h(10,)h(and)f +(the)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(expression)1933 2124 y(can)c(b)r(e)h +(satis\014ed)f(b)n(y)g(a)g(result)g(that)g(con)n(tains)g(a)g(decimal)g +(p)r(oin)n(t,)1933 2224 y(then)k(the)f(result)g(con)n(tains)f(a)h +(decimal)f(p)r(oin)n(t)i(and)e(is)h(expressed)1933 2323 +y(using)21 b(the)h(minim)n(um)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(of)i(digits)f +($exclusiv)n(e)f(of)h(exp)r(onen)n(t)1933 2423 y(and)32 +b(trailing)e(zero)r(es$)h(needed)h(to)f(mak)n(e)g(the)g(ab)r(o)n(v)n +(e)g(expression)1933 2523 y(true)22 b([3,)g(5)o(];)i(otherwise)d(the)i +(format)e(of)h(the)g(result)g(is)g(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)1933 +2663 y(The)j(result)g(returned)g(b)n(y)f Fq(number->string)19 +b Fy(nev)n(er)24 b(con)n(tains)g(an)1933 2763 y(explicit)k(radix)f +(pre\014x.)1933 2903 y Fj(Note:)74 b Fl(The)27 b(error)g(case)h(can)f +(o)r(ccur)g(only)f(when)h Fh(z)j Fl(is)d(not)g(a)g(complex)1933 +3002 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)36 b(or)i(is)h(a)f(complex)f(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e +(with)j(a)h(non-rational)f(real)h(or)1933 3102 y(imaginary)26 +b(part.)1933 3242 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)62 b Fl(If)19 b +Fh(z)j Fl(is)d(an)g(inexact)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)e(represen)n(ted)i(using) +g(\015on)n(ums,)1933 3342 y(and)j(the)f(radix)h(is)g(10,)h(then)e(the)h +(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e)f(expression)i(is)f(normally)f(satis-)1933 +3441 y(\014ed)e(b)n(y)f(a)i(result)f(con)n(taining)h(a)g(decimal)f(p)r +(oin)n(t.)32 b(The)19 b(unsp)r(eci\014ed)g(case)1933 +3541 y(allo)n(ws)28 b(for)e(in\014nities,)h(NaNs,)e(and)h(non-\015on)n +(um)d(represen)n(tations.)1933 3789 y Fq($string->number)38 +b Fw(string)7 b Fq($)795 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 3889 +y Fq($string->number)38 b Fw(string)43 b(r)l(adix)10 +b Fq($)570 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 4029 y(Returns)26 +b(a)g(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)g(the)h(maximally)e(precise)h(represen)n +(tation)1933 4128 y(expressed)35 b(b)n(y)h(the)g(giv)n(en)f +Fo(str)r(ing)s Fy(.)62 b Fo(R)q(adix)36 b Fy(m)n(ust)g(b)r(e)g(an)g +(exact)1933 4228 y(in)n(teger,)23 b(either)f(2,)h(8,)g(10,)f(or)f(16.) +34 b(If)23 b(supplied,)h Fo(r)r(adix)f Fy(is)f(a)g(default)1933 +4328 y(radix)i(that)h(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)i(o)n(v)n(erridden)c(b)n(y)j(an)f +(explicit)i(radix)e(pre\014x)g(in)1933 4427 y Fo(str)r(ing)35 +b Fy($e.g.)51 b Fq("#o177")p Fy($.)d(If)32 b Fo(r)r(adix)h +Fy(is)f(not)g(supplied,)i(then)f(the)1933 4527 y(default)j(radix)e(is)i +(10.)59 b(If)35 b Fo(str)r(ing)k Fy(is)c(not)g(a)g(syn)n(tactically)f +(v)-5 b(alid)1933 4627 y(notation)27 b(for)g(a)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er,)f +(then)h Fq(string->number)22 b Fy(returns)27 b Fq(#f)p +Fy(.)2090 4774 y Fm($string->number)43 b("100"$)237 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(100)2090 4866 y($string->number)43 +b("100")d(16$)119 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(256)2090 +4957 y($string->number)43 b("1e2"$)237 b Fl(=)-13 b +Fk(\))78 b Fm(100.0)2090 5048 y($string->number)43 b("15##"$)198 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(1500.0)1933 5205 y Fj(Note:)95 +b Fl(The)33 b(domain)f(of)h Fm(string->number)i Fl(ma)n(y)c(b)r(e)h +(restricted)h(b)n(y)1933 5304 y(implemen)n(tations)22 +b(in)h(the)f(follo)n(wing)j(w)n(a)n(ys.)34 b Fm(String->number)26 +b Fl(is)d(p)r(er-)1933 5404 y(mitted)i(to)h(return)f +Fm(#f)h Fl(whenev)n(er)g Fh(str)r(ing)i Fl(con)n(tains)e(an)g(explicit) +g(radix)1933 5504 y(pre\014x.)33 b(If)22 b(all)i(n)n(um)n(b)r(ers)d 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b(the)g(con)n(ten)n(ts)f(of)g(the)h(car)f(\014eld)h +(of)f Fw(p)l(air)10 b Fy(.)43 b(Note)30 b(that)g(it)1933 +326 y(is)e(an)f(error)f(to)h(tak)n(e)g(the)h(car)f(of)g(the)h(empt)n(y) +g(list.)2090 482 y Fm($car)40 b('\(a)g(b)g(c$\))550 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(a)2090 574 y($car)40 b('\(\(a$)h(b)e(c)h +(d\)\))393 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($a$)2090 665 +y($car)40 b('\(1)g(.)g(2$\))550 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm(1)2090 756 y($car)40 b('\($\))747 b Fl(=)-13 b +Fk(\))78 b Fj(err)l(or)1933 1041 y Fq($cdr)42 b Fw(p)l(air)9 +b Fq($)1340 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 1185 y(Returns)29 +b(the)h(con)n(ten)n(ts)f(of)g(the)g(cdr)g(\014eld)h(of)f +Fw(p)l(air)10 b Fy(.)42 b(Note)29 b(that)h(it)1933 1284 +y(is)e(an)f(error)f(to)h(tak)n(e)g(the)h(cdr)f(of)h(the)g(empt)n(y)f +(list.)2090 1441 y Fm($cdr)40 b('\(\(a$)h(b)e(c)h(d\)\))393 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($b)39 b(c)h(d$)2090 1532 +y($cdr)g('\(1)g(.)g(2$\))550 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm(2)2090 1624 y($cdr)40 b('\($\))747 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fj(err)l(or)1933 1908 y Fq($set-car!)40 +b Fw(p)l(air)45 b(obj)12 b Fq($)969 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +2052 y(Stores)30 b Fw(obj)44 b Fy(in)31 b(the)g(car)f(\014eld)h(of)f +Fw(p)l(air)10 b Fy(.)47 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)g(b)n(y) +1933 2152 y Fq(set-car!)25 b Fy(is)i(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)2090 +2308 y Fm($define)41 b(\(f$)f($list)g('not-a-constant-list$\))2090 +2400 y($define)h(\(g$)f('$constant-list$\))2090 2491 +y($set-car!)h(\(f$)f(3\))472 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fj(unsp)l(e)l(ci\014e)l(d)2090 2582 y Fm($set-car!)41 +b(\(g$)f(3\))472 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fj(err)l(or)1933 +2867 y Fq($set-cdr!)40 b Fw(p)l(air)45 b(obj)12 b Fq($)969 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 3011 y(Stores)30 b Fw(obj)43 b +Fy(in)31 b(the)g(cdr)f(\014eld)g(of)h Fw(p)l(air)10 b +Fy(.)45 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)g(b)n(y)1933 +3110 y Fq(set-cdr!)25 b Fy(is)i(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)1933 +3374 y Fq($caar)42 b Fw(p)l(air)9 b Fq($)1026 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3474 y Fq($cadr)42 b Fw(p)l(air)9 +b Fq($)1026 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)2139 3559 +y Fq(.)2139 3592 y(.)2139 3625 y(.)3716 3559 y Fy(.)3716 +3592 y(.)3716 3625 y(.)1933 3725 y Fq($cdddar)41 b Fw(p)l(air)9 +b Fq($)939 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3824 +y Fq($cddddr)41 b Fw(p)l(air)9 b Fq($)939 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3968 y(These)i(pro)r(cedures)f(are)h(comp)r +(ositions)f(of)i Fq(car)e Fy(and)h Fq(cdr)p Fy(,)g(where)1933 +4068 y(for)f(example)h Fq(caddr)d Fy(could)j(b)r(e)g(de\014ned)f(b)n(y) +2090 4224 y Fm($define)41 b(caddr)f(\(lambda)h(\(x$)f($car)g(\(cdr)g +(\(cdr)h(x$\)\)\)\))p Fl(.)1933 4389 y Fy(Arbitrary)j(comp)r +(ositions,)k(up)d(to)f(four)g(deep,)49 b(are)44 b(pro)n(vided.)1933 +4489 y(There)27 b(are)g(t)n(w)n(en)n(t)n(y-eigh)n(t)f(of)i(these)f(pro) +r(cedures)g(in)g(all.)1933 4753 y Fq($null?)41 b Fw(obj)12 +b Fq($)1015 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 4896 +y(Returns)i Fq(#t)f Fy(if)h Fw(obj)40 b Fy(is)28 b(the)g(empt)n(y)g +(list,)g(otherwise)e(returns)h Fq(#f)p Fy(.)1933 5160 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b('a)g(\(+)g(3)f(4$)h('c\))314 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fm($a)40 b(7)g(c$)-143 1202 y($list$)864 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm()-300 1478 y Fq($length)41 +b Fw(list)8 b Fq($)972 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1620 y(Returns)h(the)h(length)g(of)g Fw(list)8 b Fy(.)-143 +1773 y Fm($length)41 b('\(a)f(b)f(c$\))432 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fm(3)-143 1864 y($length)41 b('\(a)f(\(b$)g($c)f(d)h +(e$\)\))118 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(3)-143 1956 y($length)41 +b('\($\))628 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(0)-300 2232 +y Fq($append)41 b Fw(list)i Fo(:)14 b(:)g(:)g Fq($)826 +b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 2375 y(Returns)37 +b(a)h(list)f(consisting)g(of)h(the)g(elemen)n(ts)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)g +Fw(list)-300 2474 y Fy(follo)n(w)n(ed)27 b(b)n(y)g(the)h(elemen)n(ts)f +(of)h(the)g(other)f Fw(list)8 b Fy(s.)-143 2627 y Fm($append)41 +b('\(x$)f('$y$\))393 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($x)40 +b(y$)-143 2718 y($append)h('\(a$)f('$b)g(c)f(d$\))236 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($a)40 b(b)g(c)f(d$)-143 +2810 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Fm($c)40 b(b)g(a$)-143 4276 y($reverse)h('\(a)f(\(b)g +(c$)f(d)h($e)f(\(f$\)\)\))249 4367 y Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm($\(e)40 b(\(f$\))g(d)g($b)g(c$)f(a\))-300 4644 +y Fq($list-tail)g Fw(list)44 b Fo(k)s Fq($)760 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)-300 4786 y(Returns)h(the)g(sublist)h(of)f +Fw(list)35 b Fy(obtained)27 b(b)n(y)f(omitting)i(the)f(\014rst)g +Fo(k)-300 4886 y Fy(elemen)n(ts.)50 b(It)32 b(is)g(an)g(error)e(if)j +Fw(list)40 b Fy(has)31 b(few)n(er)h(than)g Fo(k)j Fy(elemen)n(ts.)-300 +4985 y Fq(List-tail)24 b Fy(could)j(b)r(e)h(de\014ned)g(b)n(y)-143 +5138 y Fm($define)41 b(list-tail)-65 5230 y(\(lambda)g(\(x)f(k$)14 +5321 y($if)g(\(zero?)g(k$)171 5412 y(x)171 5504 y($list-tail)h +(\(cdr)f(x$)g($-)g(k)f(1$\)\)\)\))1933 82 y Fq($list-ref)h +Fw(list)k Fo(k)s Fq($)803 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 +220 y(Returns)31 b(the)h Fo(k)s Fy(th)g(elemen)n(t)f(of)g +Fw(list)8 b Fy(.)48 b($This)32 b(is)f(the)g(same)g(as)g(the)1933 +319 y(car)c(of)h Fq(\(list-tail)40 b Fw(list)51 b Fo(k)s +Fq($)p Fy(.\))38 b(It)29 b(is)f(an)f(error)f(if)j Fw(list)36 +b Fy(has)28 b(few)n(er)1933 419 y(than)g Fo(k)j Fy(elemen)n(ts.)2090 +563 y Fm($list-ref)41 b('\(a)f(b)g(c)f(d$)h(2\))197 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(c)2090 654 y($list-ref)41 +b('\(a)f(b)g(c)f(d$)2482 746 y($inexact->exact)k(\(round)e(1.8$\)\)) +2482 837 y Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))79 b Fm(c)1933 1090 y Fq($memq)42 +b Fw(obj)i(list)8 b Fq($)910 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 +1190 y Fq($memv)42 b Fw(obj)i(list)8 b Fq($)910 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 1290 y Fq($member)41 b Fw(obj)k(list)8 +b Fq($)822 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 1427 +y(These)k(pro)r(cedures)f(return)h(the)h(\014rst)f(sublist)g(of)g +Fw(list)39 b Fy(whose)29 b(car)1933 1527 y(is)37 b Fw(obj)13 +b Fy(,)40 b(where)d(the)g(sublists)g(of)g Fw(list)46 +b Fy(are)36 b(the)h(non-empt)n(y)g(lists)1933 1626 y(returned)25 +b(b)n(y)g Fq($list-tail)39 b Fw(list)52 b(k)9 b Fq($)25 +b Fy(for)g Fw(k)34 b Fy(less)25 b(than)g(the)h(length)1933 +1726 y(of)c Fw(list)8 b Fy(.)36 b(If)22 b Fw(obj)36 b +Fy(do)r(es)21 b(not)i(o)r(ccur)e(in)h Fw(list)9 b Fy(,)23 +b(then)g Fq(#f)e Fy($not)h(the)h(empt)n(y)1933 1826 +y(list$)34 b(is)f(returned.)52 b Fq(Memq)31 b Fy(uses)i +Fq(eq?)f Fy(to)h(compare)e Fw(obj)46 b Fy(with)34 b(the)1933 +1925 y(elemen)n(ts)40 b(of)f Fw(list)9 b Fy(,)42 b(while)e +Fq(memv)e Fy(uses)i Fq(eqv?)e Fy(and)h Fq(member)f Fy(uses)1933 +2025 y Fq(equal?)p Fy(.)2090 2169 y Fm($memq)j('a)e('\(a)h(b)g(c$\)) +393 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($a)39 b(b)h(c$)2090 +2260 y($memq)h('b)e('\(a)h(b)g(c$\))393 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fm($b)39 b(c$)2090 2352 y($memq)i('a)e('\(b)h(c)g +(d$\))393 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#f)2090 2443 y($memq)41 +b(\(list)f('a$)g('$b)g(\(a$)g(c\)\))g Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm(#f)2090 2534 y($member)41 b(\(list)f('a$)2404 +2626 y('$b)g(\(a$)g(c\)\))354 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm($\(a$)40 b(c\))2090 2717 y($memq)h(101)e('\(100)i(101)f +(102$\))119 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fj(unsp)l(e)l(ci\014e)l(d)2090 +2808 y Fm($memv)41 b(101)e('\(100)i(101)f(102$\))119 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($101)40 b(102$)1933 3062 +y Fq($assq)i Fw(obj)i(alist)8 b Fq($)868 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3161 y Fq($assv)42 b Fw(obj)i(alist)8 +b Fq($)868 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3261 +y Fq($assoc)41 b Fw(obj)k(alist)8 b Fq($)824 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3399 y Fw(A)n(list)36 b Fy($for)27 +b(\\asso)r(ciation)e(list"$)j(m)n(ust)f(b)r(e)h(a)f(list)h(of)g +(pairs.)35 b(These)1933 3498 y(pro)r(cedures)24 b(\014nd)h(the)g +(\014rst)f(pair)g(in)h Fw(alist)34 b Fy(whose)24 b(car)f(\014eld)i(is)g +Fw(obj)13 b Fy(,)1933 3598 y(and)26 b(returns)f(that)i(pair.)35 +b(If)27 b(no)e(pair)g(in)i Fw(alist)34 b Fy(has)26 b +Fw(obj)39 b Fy(as)25 b(its)h(car,)1933 3697 y(then)i +Fq(#f)e Fy($not)h(the)h(empt)n(y)f(list$)g(is)g(returned.)36 +b Fq(Assq)26 b Fy(uses)g Fq(eq?)g Fy(to)1933 3797 y(compare)i +Fw(obj)41 b Fy(with)29 b(the)g(car)f(\014elds)h(of)f(the)h(pairs)f(in)g +Fw(alist)9 b Fy(,)29 b(while)1933 3897 y Fq(assv)d Fy(uses)i +Fq(eqv?)e Fy(and)h Fq(assoc)f Fy(uses)h Fq(equal?)p Fy(.)2090 +4041 y Fm($define)41 b(e)e('\(\(a)i(1$)e($b)h(2$)g($c)f(3$\)\)) +2090 4132 y($assq)i('a)e(e$)668 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 +b Fm($a)39 b(1$)2090 4223 y($assq)i('b)e(e$)668 b +Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($b)39 b(2$)2090 4315 y($assq)i('d)e(e$)668 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#f)2090 4406 y($assq)41 b(\(list)f('a$)g +('$\(\(a$\))h($\(b$\))f($\(c$\)\)\))3189 4497 y +Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#f)2090 4589 y($assoc)41 b(\(list)f('a$)g +('$\(\(a$\))h($\(b$\))f($\(c$\)\)\))3189 4680 y +Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($\(a$\))2090 4771 y($assq)41 +b(5)e('\(\(2)h(3$)g($5)g(7$)f($11)h(13$\)\))3189 +4863 y Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fj(unsp)l(e)l(ci\014e)l(d)2090 +4954 y Fm($assv)41 b(5)e('\(\(2)h(3$)g($5)g(7$)f($11)h(13$\)\)) +3189 5045 y Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm($5)39 b(7$)1933 +5198 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)100 b Fl(Although)33 b(they)g(are)h(ordinarily) +h(used)e(as)h(predicates,)1933 5297 y Fm(memq)p Fl(,)22 +b 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Fr(2)483 1925 y Fq($)924 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +2025 y Fq($char<=?)40 b Fw(char)249 2037 y Fr(1)331 +2025 y Fw(char)488 2037 y Fr(2)526 2025 y Fq($)881 b +Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2124 y Fq($char>=?)40 b Fw(char)249 +2136 y Fr(1)331 2124 y Fw(char)488 2136 y Fr(2)526 2124 +y Fq($)881 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2267 y(These)41 b(pro)r(cedures)e +(imp)r(ose)i(a)g(total)g(ordering)e(on)i(the)g(set)g(of)-300 +2367 y(c)n(haracters.)35 b(It)28 b(is)f(guaran)n(teed)f(that)i(under)f +(this)h(ordering:)-217 2596 y Fp(\017)41 b Fy(The)29 +b(upp)r(er)f(case)g(c)n(haracters)e(are)h(in)i(order.)38 +b(F)-7 b(or)28 b(example,)-134 2696 y Fq($char?)39 +b Fw(char)336 4675 y Fr(1)418 4663 y Fw(char)575 4675 +y Fr(2)614 4663 y Fq($)523 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 +4763 y Fq($char-ci<=?)39 b Fw(char)380 4775 y Fr(1)462 +4763 y Fw(char)619 4775 y Fr(2)657 4763 y Fq($)480 b +Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 4862 y Fq($char-ci>=?)39 +b Fw(char)380 4874 y Fr(1)462 4862 y Fw(char)619 4874 +y Fr(2)657 4862 y Fq($)480 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 +5005 y(These)e(pro)r(cedures)f(are)h(similar)f(to)i Fq(char=?)d +Fy(et)i(cetera,)h(but)g(they)-300 5105 y(treat)34 b(upp)r(er)g(case)f +(and)h(lo)n(w)n(er)e(case)h(letters)h(as)f(the)i(same.)55 +b(F)-7 b(or)-300 5205 y(example,)31 b Fq($char-ci=?)40 +b(#\\A)i(#\\a$)29 b Fy(returns)h Fq(#t)p Fy(.)46 b(Some)31 +b(imple-)-300 5304 y(men)n(tations)g(ma)n(y)f(generalize)g(these)i(pro) +r(cedures)e(to)h(tak)n(e)g(more)-300 5404 y(than)e(t)n(w)n(o)f(argumen) +n(ts,)g(as)h(with)g(the)h(corresp)r(onding)d(n)n(umerical)-300 +5504 y(predicates.)1933 82 y Fq($char-alphabetic?)37 +b Fw(char)9 b Fq($)486 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 +182 y Fq($char-numeric?)38 b Fw(char)9 b Fq($)617 b +Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 281 y Fq($char-whitespace?)37 +b Fw(char)9 b Fq($)486 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 +381 y Fq($char-upper-case?)37 b Fw(letter)9 b Fq($)455 +b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 481 y Fq($char-lower-case?)37 +b Fw(letter)9 b Fq($)455 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 +626 y(These)32 b(pro)r(cedures)f(return)h Fq(#t)g Fy(if)h(their)f +(argumen)n(ts)f(are)g(alpha-)1933 725 y(b)r(etic,)c(n)n(umeric,)e +(whitespace,)h(upp)r(er)g(case,)f(or)f(lo)n(w)n(er)g(case)h(c)n(har-) +1933 825 y(acters,)j(resp)r(ectiv)n(ely)-7 b(,)28 b(otherwise)f(they)i +(return)f Fq(#f)p Fy(.)39 b(The)28 b(follo)n(w-)1933 +925 y(ing)d(remarks,)f(whic)n(h)g(are)g(sp)r(eci\014c)h(to)g(the)g +(ASCI)r(I)g(c)n(haracter)e(set,)1933 1024 y(are)d(in)n(tended)i(only)e +(as)h(a)f(guide:)33 b(The)22 b(alphab)r(etic)e(c)n(haracters)f(are)1933 +1124 y(the)31 b(52)e(upp)r(er)i(and)f(lo)n(w)n(er)e(case)i(letters.)44 +b(The)30 b(n)n(umeric)g(c)n(harac-)1933 1223 y(ters)d(are)g(the)h(ten)g +(decimal)g(digits.)37 b(The)27 b(whitespace)g(c)n(haracters)1933 +1323 y(are)g(space,)g(tab,)g(line)h(feed,)g(form)g(feed,)g(and)f +(carriage)e(return.)1933 1591 y Fq($char->integer)38 +b Fw(char)9 b Fq($)887 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 1691 y +Fq($integer->char)38 b Fo(n)p Fq($)1003 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +1836 y(Giv)n(en)32 b(a)g(c)n(haracter,)g Fq(char->integer)27 +b Fy(returns)k(an)i(exact)e(in)n(te-)1933 1936 y(ger)i(represen)n +(tation)e(of)i(the)h(c)n(haracter.)52 b(Giv)n(en)33 b(an)g(exact)f(in)n +(te-)1933 2035 y(ger)24 b(that)h(is)f(the)h(image)f(of)g(a)g(c)n +(haracter)f(under)h Fq(char->integer)p Fy(,)1933 2135 +y Fq(integer->char)i Fy(returns)k(that)h(c)n(haracter.)44 +b(These)30 b(pro)r(cedures)1933 2235 y(implemen)n(t)e(order-preserving) +d(isomorphisms)h(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)h(the)h(set)1933 2334 +y(of)e(c)n(haracters)d(under)i(the)h Fq(char<=?)d Fy(ordering)h(and)h +(some)g(subset)1933 2434 y(of)j(the)g(in)n(tegers)e(under)i(the)g +Fq(<=)f Fy(ordering.)35 b(That)27 b(is,)h(if)2090 2593 +y Fm($char<=?)41 b Fh(a)e(b)p Fm($)h Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))38 +b Fm(#t)79 b Fl(and)g Fm($<=)39 b Fh(x)g(y)s Fm($)g +Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fm(#t)1933 2760 y Fy(and)28 b Fo(x)g +Fy(and)f Fo(y)k Fy(are)26 b(in)i(the)g(domain)f(of)h +Fq(integer->char)p Fy(,)22 b(then)2090 2919 y Fm($<=)40 +b(\(char->integer)j Fh(a)o Fm($)2247 3011 y($char->integer)g +Fh(b)o Fm($\))243 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)2090 +3193 y($char<=?)41 b(\(integer->char)i Fh(x)o Fm($)2443 +3285 y($integer->char)g Fh(y)r Fm($\))c Fl(=)-13 b +Fk(\))78 b Fm(#t)1933 3575 y Fq($char-upcase)39 b Fw(char)9 +b Fq($)704 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3675 +y Fq($char-downcase)38 b Fw(char)9 b Fq($)617 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 3820 y(These)56 b(pro)r(cedures)g(return)g(a)g(c)n +(haracter)e Fw(char)3579 3832 y Fr(2)3674 3820 y Fy(suc)n(h)i(that)1933 +3920 y Fq($char-ci=?)40 b Fw(char)53 b(char)2780 3932 +y Fr(2)2819 3920 y Fq($)p Fy(.)67 b(In)38 b(addition,)j(if)d +Fw(char)48 b Fy(is)38 b(alpha-)1933 4019 y(b)r(etic,)i(then)d(the)g +(result)g(of)g Fq(char-upcase)32 b Fy(is)k(upp)r(er)h(case)f(and)1933 +4119 y(the)28 b(result)g(of)f Fq(char-downcase)22 b Fy(is)28 +b(lo)n(w)n(er)e(case.)1933 4397 y Fv(6.3.5.)46 b(Strings)1933 +4579 y Fy(Strings)39 b(are)f(sequences)h(of)g(c)n(haracters.)70 +b(Strings)39 b(are)f(written)1933 4679 y(as)j(sequences)f(of)h(c)n +(haracters)e(enclosed)h(within)i(doublequotes)1933 4778 +y($)p Fq(")p Fy($.)f(A)30 b(doublequote)e(can)h(b)r(e)g(written)g +(inside)g(a)g(string)f(only)g(b)n(y)1933 4878 y(escaping)f(it)h(with)g +(a)f(bac)n(kslash)f($)p Fq(\$p Fy(\),)i(as)f(in)2090 +5037 y Fm("The)40 b(word)g(\\"recursion\\")j(has)d(many)g(meanings.") +1933 5205 y Fy(A)23 b(bac)n(kslash)e(can)h(b)r(e)h(written)g(inside)g +(a)f(string)g(only)g(b)n(y)g(escaping)1933 5304 y(it)39 +b(with)g(another)e(bac)n(kslash.)68 b(Sc)n(heme)38 b(do)r(es)g(not)g +(sp)r(ecify)h(the)1933 5404 y(e\013ect)26 b(of)f(a)g(bac)n(kslash)e +(within)j(a)f(string)g(that)g(is)g(not)g(follo)n(w)n(ed)f(b)n(y)1933 +5504 y(a)j(doublequote)h(or)e(bac)n(kslash.)p eop +%%Page: 30 30 +30 29 bop -300 -125 a Fy(30)82 b(Revised)147 -156 y Fr(5)212 +-125 y Fy(Sc)n(heme)-300 82 y(A)28 b(string)g(constan)n(t)f(ma)n(y)g +(con)n(tin)n(ue)h(from)f(one)h(line)g(to)g(the)h(next,)-300 +182 y(but)f(the)g(exact)f(con)n(ten)n(ts)g(of)h(suc)n(h)f(a)g(string)g +(are)g(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)-300 318 y(The)32 b Fw(length)f +Fy(of)h(a)f(string)g(is)g(the)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)f(of)h(c)n(haracters)d +(that)i(it)-300 418 y(con)n(tains.)63 b(This)36 b(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(is) +h(an)f(exact,)i(non-negativ)n(e)d(in)n(teger)-300 517 +y(that)29 b(is)f(\014xed)g(when)h(the)g(string)e(is)h(created.)39 +b(The)28 b Fw(valid)k(indexes)-300 617 y Fy(of)38 b(a)f(string)h(are)f +(the)h(exact)f(non-negativ)n(e)g(in)n(tegers)f(less)i(than)-300 +717 y(the)26 b(length)g(of)g(the)g(string.)36 b(The)26 +b(\014rst)f(c)n(haracter)f(of)i(a)f(string)g(has)-300 +816 y(index)j(0,)f(the)h(second)f(has)g(index)h(1,)f(and)g(so)g(on.) +-300 953 y(In)c(phrases)g(suc)n(h)f(as)h(\\the)g(c)n(haracters)e(of)j +Fw(string)30 b Fy(b)r(eginning)23 b(with)-300 1052 y(index)32 +b Fw(start)39 b Fy(and)32 b(ending)g(with)g(index)g Fw(end)9 +b Fy(,")33 b(it)f(is)g(understo)r(o)r(d)-300 1152 y(that)h(the)g(index) +g Fw(start)40 b Fy(is)33 b(inclusiv)n(e)f(and)g(the)h(index)g +Fw(end)42 b Fy(is)32 b(ex-)-300 1251 y(clusiv)n(e.)48 +b(Th)n(us)32 b(if)g Fw(start)39 b Fy(and)31 b Fw(end)41 +b Fy(are)31 b(the)h(same)f(index,)h(a)g(n)n(ull)-300 +1351 y(substring)c(is)g(referred)f(to,)i(and)f(if)h Fw(start)36 +b Fy(is)28 b(zero)g(and)g Fw(end)37 b Fy(is)28 b(the)-300 +1451 y(length)g(of)f Fw(string)7 b Fy(,)28 b(then)g(the)g(en)n(tire)f +(string)g(is)h(referred)e(to.)-300 1587 y(Some)i(of)g(the)h(pro)r +(cedures)e(that)h(op)r(erate)f(on)h(strings)g(ignore)e(the)-300 +1687 y(di\013erence)21 b(b)r(et)n(w)n(een)h(upp)r(er)f(and)h(lo)n(w)n +(er)d(case.)34 b(The)22 b(v)n(ersions)e(that)-300 1786 +y(ignore)31 b(case)h(ha)n(v)n(e)f(\\)p Fq(-ci)p Fy(")f($for)i(\\case)g +(insensitiv)n(e"$)f(em)n(b)r(edded)-300 1886 y(in)d(their)f(names.) +-300 2130 y Fq($string?)40 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1198 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2266 y(Returns)27 b Fq(#t)g Fy(if)h +Fw(obj)41 b Fy(is)28 b(a)f(string,)g(otherwise)g(returns)f +Fq(#f)p Fy(.)-300 2500 y Fq($make-string)39 b Fo(k)r +Fq($)1095 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2599 y Fq($make-string)39 +b Fo(k)46 b Fw(char)9 b Fq($)885 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +2736 y Fq(Make-string)23 b Fy(returns)28 b(a)f(newly)h(allo)r(cated)f +(string)g(of)h(length)g Fo(k)s Fy(.)-300 2835 y(If)40 +b Fw(char)49 b Fy(is)39 b(giv)n(en,)j(then)e(all)f(elemen)n(ts)g(of)g +(the)h(string)f(are)f(ini-)-300 2935 y(tialized)d(to)g +Fw(char)10 b Fy(,)37 b(otherwise)d(the)h(con)n(ten)n(ts)f(of)h(the)h +Fw(string)42 b Fy(are)-300 3035 y(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)-300 +3268 y Fq($string)f Fw(char)j Fo(:)14 b(:)g(:)g Fq($)776 +b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 3405 y(Returns)39 +b(a)f(newly)h(allo)r(cated)f(string)g(comp)r(osed)g(of)h(the)g(argu-) +-300 3504 y(men)n(ts.)-300 3738 y Fq($string-length)f +Fw(string)7 b Fq($)839 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 3874 y(Returns)27 +b(the)h(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g(of)f(c)n(haracters)f(in)h(the)h(giv)n(en)f +Fw(string)7 b Fy(.)-300 4108 y Fq($string-ref)39 b Fw(string)k +Fo(k)s Fq($)888 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 4244 y Fo(k)42 +b Fy(m)n(ust)e(b)r(e)g(a)f(v)-5 b(alid)40 b(index)f(of)h +Fw(string)7 b Fy(.)73 b Fq(String-ref)36 b Fy(returns)-300 +4344 y(c)n(haracter)26 b Fo(k)k Fy(of)e Fw(string)34 +b Fy(using)28 b(zero-origin)d(indexing.)-300 4577 y Fq($string-set!)39 +b Fw(string)k(k)h(char)9 b Fq($)642 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +4714 y Fo(k)24 b Fy(m)n(ust)e(b)r(e)g(a)f(v)-5 b(alid)22 +b(index)g(of)f Fw(string)7 b Fy(.)35 b Fq(String-set!)17 +b Fy(stores)k Fw(char)-300 4813 y Fy(in)28 b(elemen)n(t)g +Fo(k)i Fy(of)e Fw(string)35 b Fy(and)27 b(returns)g(an)g(unsp)r +(eci\014ed)h(v)-5 b(alue.)-143 4956 y Fm($define)41 +b(\(f$)f($make-string)i(3)d(#\\*$\))-143 5047 y($define)i(\(g$)f +("***"\))-143 5138 y($string-set!)i(\(f$)e(0)f(#\\?\))197 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fj(unsp)l(e)l(ci\014e)l(d)-143 +5230 y Fm($string-set!)42 b(\(g$)e(0)f(#\\?\))197 b +Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fj(err)l(or)-143 5321 y Fm($string-set!)42 +b(\(symbol->string)h('immutable$)367 5412 y(0)367 5504 +y(#\\?\))432 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fj(err)l(or)1933 +82 y Fq($string=?)40 b Fw(string)2576 94 y Fr(1)2657 +82 y Fw(string)2864 94 y Fr(2)2901 82 y Fq($)469 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 182 y Fq($string-ci=?)39 b Fw(string)2707 +194 y Fr(1)2788 182 y Fw(string)2995 194 y Fr(2)3032 +182 y Fq($)338 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)1933 317 +y(Returns)g Fq(#t)e Fy(if)i(the)g(t)n(w)n(o)f(strings)g(are)f(the)i +(same)f(length)h(and)f(con-)1933 417 y(tain)32 b(the)f(same)g(c)n +(haracters)e(in)i(the)h(same)e(p)r(ositions,)i(otherwise)1933 +516 y(returns)d Fq(#f)p Fy(.)42 b Fq(String-ci=?)25 b +Fy(treats)k(upp)r(er)h(and)f(lo)n(w)n(er)f(case)h(let-)1933 +616 y(ters)21 b(as)g(though)h(they)g(w)n(ere)e(the)i(same)f(c)n +(haracter,)g(but)h Fq(string=?)1933 716 y Fy(treats)27 +b(upp)r(er)h(and)f(lo)n(w)n(er)f(case)h(as)g(distinct)h(c)n(haracters.) +1933 945 y Fq($string?)40 +b Fw(string)2576 1057 y Fr(1)2657 1045 y Fw(string)2864 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+f(forced.)2090 2511 y Fm($define)41 b(count)f(0$)2090 +2602 y($define)h(p)2169 2694 y(\(delay)f(\(begin)h(\(set!)f(count)h +(\(+)e(count)i(1$\))2718 2785 y($if)f(\(>)f(count)i(x$)2875 +2876 y(count)2875 2968 y($force)f(p$\)\)\)\))2090 3059 +y($define)h(x)e(5$)2090 3150 y(p)1060 b Fl(=)-13 b +Fk(\))78 b Fj(a)39 b(pr)l(omise)2090 3242 y Fm($force)i(p$)746 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(6)2090 3333 y(p)1060 b Fl(=)-13 +b Fk(\))78 b Fj(a)39 b(pr)l(omise,)h(stil)t(l)2090 3424 +y Fm($begin)h(\(set!)f(x)g(10$)2365 3516 y($force)g(p$\))433 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(6)1933 3675 y Fy(Here)42 b(is)f(a)g(p)r +(ossible)h(implemen)n(tation)f(of)h Fq(delay)e Fy(and)h +Fq(force)p Fy(.)1933 3774 y(Promises)29 b(are)h(implemen)n(ted)i(here)e +(as)h(pro)r(cedures)e(of)i(no)g(argu-)1933 3874 y(men)n(ts,)d(and)f +Fq(force)f Fy(simply)i(calls)f(its)g(argumen)n(t:)2090 +4025 y Fm($define)41 b(force)2169 4116 y(\(lambda)f(\(object$)2247 +4208 y($object$\)\))1933 4367 y Fy(W)-7 b(e)28 b(de\014ne)g(the)g +(expression)2090 4518 y Fm($delay)41 b Fk(h)p Fl(expression)p +Fk(i)p Fm($)1933 4677 y Fy(to)28 b(ha)n(v)n(e)e(the)i(same)f(meaning)g +(as)g(the)h(pro)r(cedure)f(call)2090 4828 y Fm($make-promise)42 +b(\(lambda)f(\($)f Fk(h)p Fl(expression)p Fk(i)p Fm(\)\))1933 +5079 y Fy(as)27 b(follo)n(ws)2090 5230 y Fm($define-syntax)43 +b(delay)2169 5321 y(\(syntax-rules)f(\($)2247 5412 y($\(delay)f +(expression$)2286 5504 y($make-promise)i(\(lambda)d(\($)g +(expression\)\)\)\)\),)p eop +%%Page: 33 33 +33 32 bop 2996 -125 a Fy(6.)64 b(Standard)27 b(pro)r(cedures)82 +b(33)-300 82 y(where)27 b Fq(make-promise)c Fy(is)k(de\014ned)h(as)f +(follo)n(ws:)-143 229 y Fm($define)41 b(make-promise)-65 +320 y(\(lambda)g(\(proc$)14 412 y($let)f(\(\(result-ready?)j(#f$)249 +503 y($result)e(#f$\))92 594 y($lambda)g(\($)171 +686 y($if)f(result-ready?)328 777 y(result)328 868 y(\(let)g(\(\(x)g +(\(proc$\)\))406 960 y($if)g(result-ready?)563 1051 +y(result)563 1142 y(\(begin)h(\(set!)f(result-ready?)i(#t$)838 +1234 y($set!)e(result)h(x$)838 1325 y(result\)\)\)\)\)\)\)\))-300 +1480 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)101 b Fl(A)33 b(promise)h(ma)n(y)e(refer)j(to)f +(its)g(o)n(wn)g(v)l(alue,)i(as)e(in)g(the)-300 1580 y(last)39 +b(example)f(ab)r(o)n(v)n(e.)72 b(F)-6 b(orcing)39 b(suc)n(h)f(a)g +(promise)g(ma)n(y)f(cause)i(the)-300 1679 y(promise)25 +b(to)g(b)r(e)h(forced)g(a)f(second)h(time)e(b)r(efore)i(the)f(v)l(alue) +g(of)h(the)f(\014rst)-300 1779 y(force)36 b(has)g(b)r(een)f(computed.) +61 b(This)36 b(complicates)g(the)f(de\014nition)g(of)-300 +1879 y Fm(make-promise)p Fl(.)-300 2018 y Fy(V)-7 b(arious)33 +b(extensions)g(to)g(this)h(seman)n(tics)f(of)h Fq(delay)d +Fy(and)j Fq(force)-300 2118 y Fy(are)27 b(supp)r(orted)g(in)h(some)f +(implemen)n(tations:)-217 2336 y Fp(\017)41 b Fy(Calling)26 +b Fq(force)e Fy(on)i(an)g(ob)5 b(ject)26 b(that)h(is)f(not)g(a)g +(promise)g(ma)n(y)-134 2435 y(simply)i(return)f(the)h(ob)5 +b(ject.)-217 2600 y Fp(\017)41 b Fy(It)34 b(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)g(the)h +(case)e(that)h(there)g(is)g(no)g(means)f(b)n(y)h(whic)n(h)-134 +2699 y(a)28 b(promise)g(can)g(b)r(e)i(op)r(erationally)d(distinguished) +h(from)h(its)-134 2799 y(forced)36 b(v)-5 b(alue.)64 +b(That)37 b(is,)i(expressions)c(lik)n(e)h(the)h(follo)n(wing)-134 +2899 y(ma)n(y)28 b(ev)-5 b(aluate)29 b(to)g(either)g +Fq(#t)f Fy(or)g(to)h Fq(#f)p Fy(,)g(dep)r(ending)h(on)e(the)-134 +2998 y(implemen)n(tation:)23 3201 y Fm($eqv?)40 b(\(delay)h(1$)f(1\)) +392 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))79 b Fj(unsp)l(e)l(ci\014e)l(d)23 +3292 y Fm($pair?)41 b(\(delay)f(\(cons)h(1)e(2$\)\))79 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))79 b Fj(unsp)l(e)l(ci\014e)l(d)-217 +3503 y Fp(\017)41 b Fy(Some)27 b(implemen)n(tations)g(ma)n(y)g +(implemen)n(t)g(\\implicit)h(forc-)-134 3602 y(ing,")f(where)g(the)h(v) +-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(a)f(promise)g(is)h(forced)f(b)n(y)g(primi-)-134 +3702 y(tiv)n(e)g(pro)r(cedures)g(lik)n(e)g Fq(cdr)42 +b(and)h(+:)23 3904 y Fm($+)d(\(delay)g(\(*)g(3)f(7$\))h(13\))236 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))79 b Fm(34)-300 4228 y Fq($call-with-curre)o(nt-)o +(co)o(nt)o(inu)o(at)o(ion)37 b Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fq($)158 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 4368 y Fw(Pr)l(o)l(c)28 b Fy(m)n(ust)23 +b(b)r(e)g(a)g(pro)r(cedure)e(of)i(one)g(argumen)n(t.)34 +b(The)23 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 4467 y Fq(call-with-curren)o(t-c)o(on)o +(ti)o(nua)o(ti)o(on)28 b Fy(pac)n(k)-5 b(ages)32 b(up)i(the)h(cur-)-300 +4567 y(ren)n(t)d(con)n(tin)n(uation)g($see)h(the)g(rationale)e(b)r +(elo)n(w$)h(as)g(an)h(\\escap)r(e)-300 4667 y(pro)r(cedure")27 +b(and)i(passes)f(it)h(as)f(an)g(argumen)n(t)g(to)h Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)5 +b Fy(.)41 b(The)28 b(es-)-300 4766 y(cap)r(e)36 b(pro)r(cedure)e(is)i +(a)g(Sc)n(heme)f(pro)r(cedure)g(that,)j(if)f(it)f(is)f(later)-300 +4866 y(called,)g(will)e(abandon)g(whatev)n(er)f(con)n(tin)n(uation)h +(is)g(in)h(e\013ect)g(at)-300 4966 y(that)c(later)g(time)h(and)f(will)g +(instead)g(use)g(the)g(con)n(tin)n(uation)g(that)-300 +5065 y(w)n(as)23 b(in)h(e\013ect)g(when)g(the)h(escap)r(e)e(pro)r +(cedure)g(w)n(as)g(created.)34 b(Call-)-300 5165 y(ing)19 +b(the)h(escap)r(e)e(pro)r(cedure)h(ma)n(y)f(cause)h(the)g(in)n(v)n(o)r +(cation)f(of)i Fw(b)l(efor)l(e)-300 5264 y Fy(and)27 +b Fw(after)38 b Fy(th)n(unks)27 b(installed)h(using)f +Fq(dynamic-wind)p Fy(.)-300 5404 y(The)47 b(escap)r(e)e(pro)r(cedure)h +(accepts)g(the)h(same)e(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)i(of)f(ar-)-300 +5504 y(gumen)n(ts)63 b(as)f(the)h(con)n(tin)n(uation)g(to)f(the)i +(original)d(call)i(to)1933 82 y Fq(call-with-current)o(-c)o(ont)o(in)o +(uat)o(io)o(n)p Fy(.)30 b(Except)c(for)g(con)n(tin)n(ua-)1933 +182 y(tions)21 b(created)f(b)n(y)h(the)g Fq(call-with-values)15 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure,)21 b(all)g(con-)1933 281 y(tin)n(uations)26 +b(tak)n(e)g(exactly)g(one)g(v)-5 b(alue.)36 b(The)27 +b(e\013ect)g(of)f(passing)f(no)1933 381 y(v)-5 b(alue)35 +b(or)f(more)g(than)i(one)e(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(to)g(con)n(tin)n(uations)f +(that)h(w)n(ere)1933 481 y(not)28 b(created)f(b)n(y)g +Fq(call-with-values)21 b Fy(is)28 b(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)1933 +623 y(The)e(escap)r(e)g(pro)r(cedure)f(that)i(is)f(passed)f(to)h +Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)32 b Fy(has)25 b(unlimited)1933 722 y(exten)n(t)j(just)g +(lik)n(e)f(an)n(y)f(other)h(pro)r(cedure)f(in)i(Sc)n(heme.)36 +b(It)28 b(ma)n(y)f(b)r(e)1933 822 y(stored)d(in)i(v)-5 +b(ariables)24 b(or)g(data)g(structures)g(and)h(ma)n(y)g(b)r(e)g(called) +g(as)1933 922 y(man)n(y)i(times)h(as)f(desired.)1933 +1064 y(The)g(follo)n(wing)e(examples)h(sho)n(w)f(only)h(the)h(most)f +(common)g(w)n(a)n(ys)1933 1163 y(in)39 b(whic)n(h)g Fq +(call-with-curren)o(t-c)o(on)o(tin)o(ua)o(tio)o(n)33 +b Fy(is)38 b(used.)71 b(If)1933 1263 y(all)52 b(real)e(uses)i(w)n(ere)f +(as)g(simple)g(as)g(these)h(examples,)57 b(there)1933 +1363 y(w)n(ould)50 b(b)r(e)g(no)f(need)h(for)f(a)h(pro)r(cedure)e(with) +j(the)f(p)r(o)n(w)n(er)e(of)1933 1462 y Fq(call-with-current)o(-c)o +(ont)o(in)o(uat)o(io)o(n)p Fy(.)2090 1614 y Fm +($call-with-current-continuat)q(ion)2169 1705 y(\(lambda)40 +b(\(exit$)2247 1797 y($for-each)h(\(lambda)g(\(x$)2718 +1888 y($if)f(\(negative?)h(x$)2875 1979 y($exit)f(x$\)\))2639 +2071 y('$54)h(0)e(37)h(-3)f(245)h(19$\))2247 2162 y(#t\)\))786 +b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(-3)2090 2345 y($define)41 +b(list-length)2169 2436 y(\(lambda)f(\(obj$)2247 2527 +y($call-with-current-continuati)q(on)2326 2619 y(\(lambda)g +(\(return$)2404 2710 y($letrec)h(\(\(r)2796 2801 y(\(lambda)g +(\(obj$)2875 2892 y($cond)f(\(\(null?)h(obj$)f(0\))3110 +2984 y($\(pair?)h(obj$)3149 3075 y($+)f(\(r)g(\(cdr)g(obj$\))g +(1\)\))3110 3166 y($else)g(\(return)h(#f$\)\)\)\)\))2482 +3258 y($r)f(obj$\)\)\)\)\))2090 3440 y($list-length)i('\(1)e(2)g(3)f +(4$\))158 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(4)2090 3623 y($list-length)42 +b('\(a)e(b)g(.)f(c$\))158 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(#f)1933 +3775 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)1933 3909 y Fl(A)47 b(common)e(use)i(of)g +Fm(call-with-current-continuati)q(on)53 b Fl(is)47 b(for)1933 +4000 y(structured,)25 b(non-lo)r(cal)h(exits)g(from)f(lo)r(ops)h(or)f +(pro)r(cedure)h(b)r(o)r(dies,)g(but)1933 4091 y(in)34 +b(fact)g Fm(call-with-current-continuatio)q(n)39 b Fl(is)34 +b(extremely)e(useful)1933 4183 y(for)24 b(implemen)n(ting)d(a)j(wide)f +(v)l(ariet)n(y)f(of)i(adv)l(anced)e(con)n(trol)i(structures.)1933 +4316 y(Whenev)n(er)30 b(a)h(Sc)n(heme)f(expression)h(is)h(ev)l(aluated) +e(there)h(is)h(a)f Fj(c)l(ontin-)1933 4408 y(uation)g +Fl(w)n(an)n(ting)f(the)f(result)h(of)g(the)f(expression.)47 +b(The)30 b(con)n(tin)n(uation)1933 4499 y(represen)n(ts)22 +b(an)g(en)n(tire)g($default$)g(future)f(for)i(the)e(computation.)33 +b(If)21 b(the)1933 4590 y(expression)27 b(is)f(ev)l(aluated)g(at)g(top) +g(lev)n(el,)h(for)g(example,)e(then)h(the)f(con-)1933 +4682 y(tin)n(uation)j(migh)n(t)e(tak)n(e)h(the)g(result,)i(prin)n(t)e +(it)g(on)h(the)f(screen,)h(prompt)1933 4773 y(for)h(the)f(next)g +(input,)g(ev)l(aluate)h(it,)g(and)f(so)h(on)f(forev)n(er.)43 +b(Most)29 b(of)g(the)1933 4864 y(time)j(the)f(con)n(tin)n(uation)h +(includes)g(actions)h(sp)r(eci\014ed)f(b)n(y)f(user)h(co)r(de,)1933 +4956 y(as)24 b(in)g(a)g(con)n(tin)n(uation)f(that)g(will)i(tak)n(e)f +(the)f(result,)h(m)n(ultiply)e(it)i(b)n(y)e(the)1933 +5047 y(v)l(alue)j(stored)g(in)g(a)g(lo)r(cal)h(v)l(ariable,)g(add)e +(sev)n(en,)h(and)g(giv)n(e)g(the)f(answ)n(er)1933 5138 +y(to)37 b(the)g(top)g(lev)n(el)g(con)n(tin)n(uation)g(to)g(b)r(e)g +(prin)n(ted.)67 b(Normally)37 b(these)1933 5230 y(ubiquitous)22 +b(con)n(tin)n(uations)h(are)f(hidden)g(b)r(ehind)f(the)h(scenes)h(and)f +(pro-)1933 5321 y(grammers)29 b(do)g(not)g(think)f(m)n(uc)n(h)g(ab)r +(out)h(them.)44 b(On)29 b(rare)h(o)r(ccasions,)1933 5412 +y(ho)n(w)n(ev)n(er,)21 b(a)e(programmer)g(ma)n(y)e(need)i(to)g(deal)h +(with)f(con)n(tin)n(uations)h(ex-)1933 5504 y(plicitly)-6 +b(.)33 b Fm(Call-with-current-continuati)q(on)27 b Fl(allo)n(ws)c(Sc)n +(heme)c(pro-)p eop +%%Page: 34 34 +34 33 bop -300 -125 a Fy(34)82 b(Revised)147 -156 y Fr(5)212 +-125 y Fy(Sc)n(heme)-300 82 y Fl(grammers)22 b(to)i(do)f(that)g(b)n(y)f 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y(construct)36 b(in)g(MacLisp.)66 b(Sev)n(eral)36 +b(Sc)n(heme)e(implemen)n(tors)h(noticed)-300 1212 y(that)22 +b(the)h(full)g(p)r(o)n(w)n(er)g(of)g(the)f Fm(catch)i +Fl(construct)f(could)f(b)r(e)h(pro)n(vided)f(b)n(y)-300 +1312 y(a)h(pro)r(cedure)h(instead)f(of)h(b)n(y)e(a)i(sp)r(ecial)g(syn)n +(tactic)f(construct,)h(and)f(the)-300 1412 y(name)35 +b Fm(call-with-current-continuation)42 b Fl(w)n(as)37 +b(coined)f(in)g(1982.)-300 1511 y(This)d(name)e(is)i(descriptiv)n(e,)h +(but)d(opinions)i(di\013er)f(on)g(the)g(merits)g(of)-300 +1611 y(suc)n(h)c(a)i(long)f(name,)h(and)e(some)h(p)r(eople)g(use)g(the) +g(name)f Fm(call/cc)i Fl(in-)-300 1710 y(stead.)-300 +1967 y Fq($values)41 b Fw(obj)j Fo(:)14 b(:)g(:)p Fq($)1112 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2101 y(Deliv)n(ers)35 b(all)g(of)g(its)h +(argumen)n(ts)e(to)i(its)f(con)n(tin)n(uation.)60 b(Except)-300 +2192 y(for)35 b(con)n(tin)n(uations)f(created)h(b)n(y)g(the)h +Fq(call-with-values)29 b Fy(pro-)-300 2283 y(cedure,)36 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b(\(lambda)e(\($)f($values)g(4)g +(5$\))563 3825 y($lambda)h(\(a)f(b$)f(b\)\))955 3916 +y Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(5)-143 4099 y($call-with-values)43 +b(*)c(-$)236 b Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))78 b Fm(-1)-300 4465 +y Fq($dynamic-wind)38 b Fw(b)l(efor)l(e)45 b(thunk)e(after)9 +b Fq($)424 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 4607 y(Calls)30 b +Fw(thunk)40 b Fy(without)31 b(argumen)n(ts,)g(returning)f(the)i +(result$s$)f(of)-300 4707 y(this)42 b(call.)77 b Fw(Befor)l(e)49 +b Fy(and)41 b Fw(after)51 b Fy(are)41 b(called,)j(also)c(without)i(ar-) +-300 4806 y(gumen)n(ts,)50 b(as)45 b(required)g(b)n(y)h(the)g(follo)n +(wing)f(rules)g($note)i(that)-300 4906 y(in)e(the)g(absence)e(of)i +(calls)f(to)g(con)n(tin)n(uations)f(captured)h(using)-300 +5005 y Fq(call-with-curren)o(t-c)o(on)o(ti)o(nua)o(ti)o(on)35 +b Fy(the)42 b(three)f(argumen)n(ts)-300 5105 y(are)30 +b(called)g(once)g(eac)n(h,)h(in)g(order$.)45 b Fw(Befor)l(e)38 +b Fy(is)31 b(called)f(whenev)n(er)-300 5205 y(execution)k(en)n(ters)g 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b(is)g(not)g(within)g(the)g(dynamic)g(exten) +n(t)g(and)g(a)2099 966 y(con)n(tin)n(uation)55 b(is)h(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed) +f(that)h(w)n(as)f(captured)g($using)2099 1065 y Fq(call-with-current)o +(-c)o(ont)o(in)o(uat)o(io)o(n)p Fy($)39 b(during)44 +b(the)h(dy-)2099 1165 y(namic)28 b(exten)n(t.)2016 1337 +y Fp(\017)41 b Fy(It)28 b(is)g(exited)g(when)f(the)h(called)g(pro)r +(cedure)e(returns.)2016 1508 y Fp(\017)41 b Fy(It)26 +b(is)f(also)e(exited)j(when)f(execution)f(is)h(within)h(the)f(dynamic) +2099 1608 y(exten)n(t)20 b(and)f(a)g(con)n(tin)n(uation)g(is)g(in)n(v)n +(ok)n(ed)f(that)i(w)n(as)f(captured)2099 1708 y(while)28 +b(not)g(within)g(the)g(dynamic)f(exten)n(t.)1933 1921 +y(If)19 b(a)g(second)f(call)g(to)g Fq(dynamic-wind)c +Fy(o)r(ccurs)k(within)h(the)g(dynamic)1933 2021 y(exten)n(t)32 +b(of)g(the)h(call)e(to)h Fw(thunk)40 b Fy(and)32 b(then)h(a)e(con)n +(tin)n(uation)g(is)h(in-)1933 2120 y(v)n(ok)n(ed)24 b(in)g(suc)n(h)h(a) +f(w)n(a)n(y)f(that)i(the)g Fw(after)10 b Fy(s)24 b(from)g(these)h(t)n +(w)n(o)f(in)n(v)n(o)r(ca-)1933 2220 y(tions)e(of)g Fq(dynamic-wind)17 +b Fy(are)j(b)r(oth)j(to)e(b)r(e)h(called,)h(then)f(the)g +Fw(after)1933 2320 y Fy(asso)r(ciated)i(with)h(the)g(second)f +($inner$)h(call)f(to)h Fq(dynamic-wind)19 b Fy(is)1933 +2419 y(called)28 b(\014rst.)1933 2563 y(If)40 b(a)g(second)f(call)g(to) +h Fq(dynamic-wind)34 b Fy(o)r(ccurs)39 b(within)h(the)g(dy-)1933 +2663 y(namic)g(exten)n(t)h(of)f(the)h(call)f(to)g Fw(thunk)49 +b Fy(and)40 b(then)g(a)g(con)n(tin)n(ua-)1933 2763 y(tion)33 +b(is)f(in)n(v)n(ok)n(ed)e(in)j(suc)n(h)f(a)g(w)n(a)n(y)f(that)h(the)h +Fw(b)l(efor)l(e)7 b Fy(s)32 b(from)g(these)1933 2862 +y(t)n(w)n(o)39 b(in)n(v)n(o)r(cations)e(of)j Fq(dynamic-wind)34 +b Fy(are)k(b)r(oth)i(to)f(b)r(e)g(called,)1933 2962 y(then)k(the)f +Fw(b)l(efor)l(e)49 b Fy(asso)r(ciated)40 b(with)i(the)h(\014rst)e +($outer$)h(call)f(to)1933 3061 y Fq(dynamic-wind)23 +b Fy(is)k(called)h(\014rst.)1933 3205 y(If)i(in)n(v)n(oking)e(a)h(con)n 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y($if)g(\(<)g(\(length)h(path$)f(4\))2404 4992 +y($c)g('talk2$)2404 5084 y($reverse)h(path$\)\)\))2482 +5266 y Fl(=)-13 b Fk(\))39 b Fm($connect)i(talk1)g(disconnect)2679 +5358 y(connect)f(talk2)h(disconnect$)p eop +%%Page: 35 35 +35 34 bop 2996 -125 a Fy(6.)64 b(Standard)27 b(pro)r(cedures)82 +b(35)-300 82 y Fu(6.5.)56 b Fc(Eval)-300 404 y Fq($eval)42 +b Fw(expr)l(ession)i(envir)l(onment-sp)l(e)l(ci\014er)9 +b Fq($)254 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 544 y(Ev)-5 b(aluates)29 +b Fw(expr)l(ession)37 b Fy(in)30 b(the)g(sp)r(eci\014ed)g(en)n +(vironmen)n(t)f(and)h(re-)-300 643 y(turns)23 b(its)g(v)-5 +b(alue.)36 b Fw(Expr)l(ession)30 b Fy(m)n(ust)23 b(b)r(e)h(a)f(v)-5 +b(alid)23 b(Sc)n(heme)g(expres-)-300 743 y(sion)33 b(represen)n(ted)g +(as)g(data,)h(and)g Fw(envir)l(onment-sp)l(e)l(ci\014er)43 +b Fy(m)n(ust)-300 843 y(b)r(e)e(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(returned)g(b)n(y)g +(one)g(of)h(the)g(three)f(pro)r(cedures)f(de-)-300 942 +y(scrib)r(ed)25 b(b)r(elo)n(w.)36 b(Implemen)n(tations)25 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Fq(scheme-report-env)o(ir)o(onm)o(en)o(t)22 +b Fy(ma)n(y)27 b(b)r(e)h(imm)n(utable.)-300 4852 y Fq +($interaction-env)o(iro)o(nm)o(en)o(t)-6 b($)338 b +Fy(optional)27 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 4992 y(This)22 b(pro)r(cedure)f +(returns)h(a)f(sp)r(eci\014er)h(for)g(the)g(en)n(vironmen)n(t)g(that) +-300 5091 y(con)n(tains)33 b(implementation-de\014ned)h(bindings,)h(t)n +(ypically)e(a)g(su-)-300 5191 y(p)r(erset)27 b(of)g(those)g(listed)g +(in)h(the)f(rep)r(ort.)36 b(The)28 b(in)n(ten)n(t)f(is)g(that)h(this) +-300 5291 y(pro)r(cedure)d(will)h(return)g(the)h(en)n(vironmen)n(t)e +(in)h(whic)n(h)g(the)h(imple-)-300 5390 y(men)n(tation)36 +b(w)n(ould)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)36 b(expressions)e(dynamically)i(t)n(yp)r +(ed)-300 5490 y(b)n(y)27 b(the)h(user.)1933 82 y Fu(6.6.)57 +b(Input)37 b(and)i(output)1933 297 y Fv(6.6.1.)46 b(P)m(orts)1933 +476 y Fy(P)n(orts)29 b(represen)n(t)g(input)i(and)f(output)h(devices.) +45 b(T)-7 b(o)29 b(Sc)n(heme,)i(an)1933 575 y(input)i(p)r(ort)e(is)h(a) +f(Sc)n(heme)g(ob)5 b(ject)32 b(that)g(can)f(deliv)n(er)f(c)n(haracters) +1933 675 y(up)r(on)i(command,)g(while)g(an)g(output)g(p)r(ort)f(is)h(a) +f(Sc)n(heme)g(ob)5 b(ject)1933 774 y(that)28 b(can)f(accept)h(c)n +(haracters.)1933 1029 y Fq($call-with-input-)o(fi)o(le)37 +b Fw(string)44 b(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fq($)73 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 1129 y Fq($call-with-output)o(-f)o(ile)37 +b Fw(string)43 b(pr)l(o)l(c)5 b Fq($)30 b Fy(library)c(pro)r(cedure) +1933 1271 y Fw(String)71 b Fy(should)64 b(b)r(e)g(a)g(string)f(naming)g +(a)h(\014le,)73 b(and)64 b Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)1933 1371 y +Fy(should)41 b(b)r(e)g(a)f(pro)r(cedure)f(that)i(accepts)f(one)g +(argumen)n(t.)75 b(F)-7 b(or)1933 1471 y Fq(call-with-input-f)o(il)o(e) +p Fy(,)28 b(the)33 b(\014le)g(should)f(already)g(exist;)j(for)1933 +1570 y Fq(call-with-output-)o(fi)o(le)p Fy(,)i(the)k(e\013ect)f(is)g +(unsp)r(eci\014ed)h(if)g(the)1933 1670 y(\014le)26 b(already)e(exists.) +36 b(These)26 b(pro)r(cedures)e(call)i Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)31 +b Fy(with)26 b(one)f(ar-)1933 1769 y(gumen)n(t:)45 b(the)33 +b(p)r(ort)e(obtained)h(b)n(y)f(op)r(ening)h(the)g(named)g(\014le)g(for) +1933 1869 y(input)h(or)e(output.)50 b(If)32 b(the)g(\014le)g(cannot)f +(b)r(e)h(op)r(ened,)h(an)e(error)f(is)1933 1969 y(signalled.)35 +b(If)23 b Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)28 b Fy(returns,)c(then)f(the)g(p)r(ort)g(is)g +(closed)f(automati-)1933 2068 y(cally)j(and)h(the)f(v)-5 +b(alue$s$)26 b(yielded)g(b)n(y)f(the)h Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)31 +b Fy(is$are$)25 b(returned.)1933 2168 y(If)36 b Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)k +Fy(do)r(es)35 b(not)f(return,)j(then)e(the)h(p)r(ort)e(will)i(not)e(b)r +(e)i(closed)1933 2268 y(automatically)d(unless)h(it)h(is)f(p)r(ossible) +f(to)h(pro)n(v)n(e)f(that)h(the)g(p)r(ort)1933 2367 y(will)28 +b(nev)n(er)f(again)f(b)r(e)i(used)g(for)f(a)g(read)g(or)f(write)i(op)r +(eration.)1933 2510 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)141 b Fl(Because)45 +b(Sc)n(heme's)e(escap)r(e)i(pro)r(cedures)f(ha)n(v)n(e)f(un-)1933 +2609 y(limited)35 b(exten)n(t,)h(it)f(is)g(p)r(ossible)h(to)f(escap)r +(e)g(from)g(the)f(curren)n(t)g(con-)1933 2709 y(tin)n(uation)45 +b(but)g(later)g(to)h(escap)r(e)g(bac)n(k)e(in.)93 b(If)45 +b(implemen)n(tations)1933 2809 y(w)n(ere)j(p)r(ermitted)e(to)h(close)i +(the)e(p)r(ort)g(on)g(an)n(y)f(escap)r(e)i(from)f(the)1933 +2908 y(curren)n(t)d(con)n(tin)n(uation,)50 b(then)44 +b(it)h(w)n(ould)g(b)r(e)g(imp)r(ossible)g(to)g(write)1933 +3008 y(p)r(ortable)e(co)r(de)g(using)g(b)r(oth)f Fm +(call-with-current-continuati)q(on)1933 3107 y Fl(and)26 +b Fm(call-with-input-file)k Fl(or)c Fm(call-with-output-file)p +Fl(.)1933 3365 y Fq($input-port?)39 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1023 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 3465 y Fq($output-port?)38 b +Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)980 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 3607 y(Returns)32 +b Fq(#t)f Fy(if)h Fw(obj)45 b Fy(is)32 b(an)f(input)i(p)r(ort)e(or)g +(output)h(p)r(ort)g(resp)r(ec-)1933 3707 y(tiv)n(ely)-7 +b(,)28 b(otherwise)e(returns)h Fq(#f)p Fy(.)1933 3965 +y Fq($current-input-po)o(rt)-7 b($)879 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 +4064 y Fq($current-output-p)o(or)o(t)-6 b($)835 b Fy(pro)r(cedure) +1933 4207 y(Returns)28 b(the)g(curren)n(t)e(default)j(input)f(or)f +(output)h(p)r(ort.)1933 4464 y Fq($with-input-from-)o(fi)o(le)37 +b Fw(string)44 b(thunk)9 b Fq($)3361 4564 y Fy(optional)27 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 4664 y Fq($with-output-to-f)o(il)o(e)38 +b Fw(string)43 b(thunk)9 b Fq($)3361 4763 y Fy(optional)27 +b(pro)r(cedure)1933 4906 y Fw(String)k Fy(should)24 b(b)r(e)g(a)f +(string)h(naming)f(a)g(\014le,)i(and)f Fw(pr)l(o)l(c)29 +b Fy(should)24 b(b)r(e)1933 5005 y(a)d(pro)r(cedure)e(of)i(no)g +(argumen)n(ts.)33 b(F)-7 b(or)20 b Fq(with-input-from-f)o(il)o(e)p +Fy(,)1933 5105 y(the)40 b(\014le)g(should)f(already)f(exist;)46 +b(for)39 b Fq(with-output-to-f)o(il)o(e)p Fy(,)1933 5205 +y(the)45 b(e\013ect)g(is)f(unsp)r(eci\014ed)h(if)g(the)g(\014le)g +(already)e(exists.)87 b(The)1933 5304 y(\014le)46 b(is)f(op)r(ened)g +(for)f(input)i(or)f(output,)50 b(an)44 b(input)i(or)f(output)1933 +5404 y(p)r(ort)39 b(connected)g(to)g(it)h(is)f(made)g(the)g(default)h +(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(returned)1933 5504 y(b)n(y)22 b Fq(current-input-por) +o(t)16 b Fy(or)22 b Fq(current-output-p)o(ort)16 b Fy($and)22 +b(is)p eop +%%Page: 36 36 +36 35 bop -300 -125 a Fy(36)82 b(Revised)147 -156 y Fr(5)212 +-125 y Fy(Sc)n(heme)-300 82 y(used)20 b(b)n(y)g Fq(\(read$)p +Fy(,)f Fq($write)41 b Fw(obj)13 b Fq($)p Fy(,)22 b(and)e(so)f +(forth\),)j(and)e(the)g Fw(thunk)-300 182 y Fy(is)42 +b(called)g(with)h(no)e(argumen)n(ts.)80 b(When)42 b(the)h +Fw(thunk)50 b Fy(returns,)-300 281 y(the)44 b(p)r(ort)f(is)h(closed)e +(and)i(the)g(previous)e(default)i(is)f(restored.)-300 +381 y Fq(With-input-from-)o(fil)o(e)53 b Fy(and)59 b +Fq(with-output-to-fi)o(le)53 b Fy(re-)-300 481 y(turn$s$)37 +b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue$s$)36 b(yielded)h(b)n(y)f Fw(thunk)8 +b Fy(.)64 b(If)37 b(an)f(escap)r(e)g(pro-)-300 580 y(cedure)k(is)f +(used)h(to)g(escap)r(e)g(from)f(the)i(con)n(tin)n(uation)e(of)h(these) +-300 680 y(pro)r(cedures,)26 b(their)i(b)r(eha)n(vior)e(is)i(implemen)n +(tation)f(dep)r(enden)n(t.)-300 966 y Fq($open-input-file)37 +b Fw(\014lename)6 b Fq($)659 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1115 y(T)-7 b(ak)n(es)23 b(a)g(string)g(naming)g(an)h(existing)f +(\014le)h(and)g(returns)f(an)g(input)-300 1215 y(p)r(ort)32 +b(capable)g(of)h(deliv)n(ering)e(c)n(haracters)f(from)j(the)g(\014le.) +51 b(If)33 b(the)-300 1315 y(\014le)28 b(cannot)f(b)r(e)h(op)r(ened,)g +(an)f(error)f(is)h(signalled.)-300 1601 y Fq($open-output-fil)o(e)38 +b Fw(\014lename)6 b Fq($)615 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 +1750 y(T)-7 b(ak)n(es)38 b(a)h(string)f(naming)h(an)f(output)i(\014le)f +(to)g(b)r(e)h(created)e(and)-300 1850 y(returns)31 b(an)g(output)g(p)r +(ort)h(capable)e(of)h(writing)g(c)n(haracters)e(to)i(a)-300 +1949 y(new)36 b(\014le)h(b)n(y)f(that)h(name.)63 b(If)36 +b(the)h(\014le)g(cannot)f(b)r(e)g(op)r(ened,)j(an)-300 +2049 y(error)d(is)i(signalled.)68 b(If)38 b(a)g(\014le)g(with)h(the)f +(giv)n(en)f(name)h(already)-300 2149 y(exists,)27 b(the)h(e\013ect)g +(is)g(unsp)r(eci\014ed.)-300 2435 y Fq($close-input-por)o(t)38 +b Fw(p)l(ort)8 b Fq($)771 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2534 +y Fq($close-output-po)o(rt)37 b Fw(p)l(ort)8 b Fq($)728 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)-300 2684 y(Closes)27 b(the)h(\014le)g(asso)r(ciated) +f(with)h Fw(p)l(ort)9 b Fy(,)28 b(rendering)e(the)j Fw(p)l(ort)36 +b Fy(in-)-300 2783 y(capable)28 b(of)g(deliv)n(ering)g(or)g(accepting)g +(c)n(haracters.)78 b(These)28 b(rou-)-300 2883 y(tines)d(ha)n(v)n(e)f +(no)h(e\013ect)h(if)f(the)h(\014le)f(has)f(already)g(b)r(een)h(closed.) +36 b(The)-300 2983 y(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(returned)h(is)f(unsp)r +(eci\014ed.)-300 3283 y Fv(6.6.2.)46 b(Input)-300 3561 +y Fq($read)n($)1219 b Fy(library)26 b(pro)r(cedure)-300 +3661 y Fq($read)42 b Fw(p)l(ort)8 b Fq($)1024 b Fy(library)26 +b(pro)r(cedure)-300 3810 y Fq(Read)32 b Fy(con)n(v)n(erts)g(external)h +(represen)n(tations)e(of)j(Sc)n(heme)f(ob)5 b(jects)-300 +3910 y(in)n(to)29 b(the)h(ob)5 b(jects)29 b(themselv)n(es.)41 +b(That)29 b(is,)h(it)g(is)f(a)g(parser)f(for)g(the)-300 +4010 y(non)n(terminal)k Fp(h)p Fy(datum)p Fp(i)h Fy($see)f(sections)g +(7.1.2)g(and)g(6.3.2$.)50 b Fq(Read)-300 4109 y Fy(returns)23 +b(the)g(next)h(ob)5 b(ject)23 b(parsable)f(from)g(the)i(giv)n(en)f +(input)h Fw(p)l(ort)8 b Fy(,)-300 4209 y(up)r(dating)31 +b Fw(p)l(ort)38 b Fy(to)31 b(p)r(oin)n(t)f(to)g(the)h(\014rst)f(c)n +(haracter)f(past)h(the)h(end)-300 4308 y(of)d(the)g(external)e +(represen)n(tation)g(of)i(the)g(ob)5 b(ject.)-300 4458 +y(If)22 b(an)f(end)h(of)g(\014le)g(is)f(encoun)n(tered)g(in)h(the)g +(input)g(b)r(efore)f(an)n(y)g(c)n(har-)-300 4557 y(acters)29 +b(are)f(found)i(that)g(can)f(b)r(egin)h(an)g(ob)5 b(ject,)29 +b(then)i(an)e(end)h(of)-300 4657 y(\014le)i(ob)5 b(ject)31 +b(is)g(returned.)96 b(The)32 b(p)r(ort)f(remains)f(op)r(en,)j(and)e +(fur-)-300 4757 y(ther)25 b(attempts)g(to)g(read)f(will)i(also)d +(return)i(an)g(end)g(of)g(\014le)g(ob)5 b(ject.)-300 +4856 y(If)35 b(an)f(end)h(of)f(\014le)h(is)f(encoun)n(tered)g(after)g +(the)h(b)r(eginning)g(of)f(an)-300 4956 y(ob)5 b(ject's)22 +b(external)g(represen)n(tation,)g(but)h(the)g(external)e(represen-)-300 +5055 y(tation)k(is)g(incomplete)g(and)g(therefore)f(not)h(parsable,)f +(an)h(error)e(is)-300 5155 y(signalled.)-300 5304 y(The)33 +b Fw(p)l(ort)42 b Fy(argumen)n(t)32 b(ma)n(y)h(b)r(e)h(omitted,)h(in)f +(whic)n(h)f(case)f(it)i(de-)-300 5404 y(faults)25 b(to)f(the)h(v)-5 +b(alue)25 b(returned)f(b)n(y)g Fq(current-input-por)o(t)p +Fy(.)30 b(It)25 b(is)-300 5504 y(an)i(error)f(to)h(read)g(from)g(a)h +(closed)e(p)r(ort.)1933 82 y Fq($read-char)l($)1271 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 182 y Fq($read-char)40 b Fw(p)l(ort)8 +b Fq($)1076 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 331 y(Returns)31 +b(the)g(next)g(c)n(haracter)e(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(from)h(the)h +(input)h Fw(p)l(ort)8 b Fy(,)1933 430 y(up)r(dating)35 +b(the)f Fw(p)l(ort)42 b Fy(to)34 b(p)r(oin)n(t)g(to)g(the)h(follo)n +(wing)e(c)n(haracter.)54 b(If)1933 530 y(no)35 b(more)g(c)n(haracters)e +(are)h(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable,)37 b(an)e(end)g(of)h(\014le)f(ob)5 +b(ject)35 b(is)1933 630 y(returned.)47 b Fw(Port)40 b +Fy(ma)n(y)30 b(b)r(e)i(omitted,)g(in)g(whic)n(h)f(case)f(it)i(defaults) +1933 729 y(to)c(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(returned)g(b)n(y)h +Fq(current-input-p)o(ort)o Fy(.)1933 1014 y Fq($peek-char)l($)1271 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 1113 y Fq($peek-char)40 b Fw(p)l(ort)8 +b Fq($)1076 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 1262 y(Returns)31 +b(the)g(next)g(c)n(haracter)e(a)n(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(from)h(the)h +(input)h Fw(p)l(ort)8 b Fy(,)1933 1362 y Fw(without)33 +b Fy(up)r(dating)g(the)g Fw(p)l(ort)41 b Fy(to)33 b(p)r(oin)n(t)f(to)h +(the)g(follo)n(wing)f(c)n(har-)1933 1462 y(acter.)59 +b(If)35 b(no)g(more)f(c)n(haracters)f(are)h(a)n(v)-5 +b(ailable,)36 b(an)f(end)g(of)g(\014le)1933 1561 y(ob)5 +b(ject)29 b(is)g(returned.)41 b Fw(Port)c Fy(ma)n(y)28 +b(b)r(e)i(omitted,)f(in)h(whic)n(h)f(case)f(it)1933 1661 +y(defaults)g(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(returned)g(b)n(y)g +Fq(current-input-por)o(t)p Fy(.)1933 1810 y Fj(Note:)64 +b Fl(The)20 b(v)l(alue)h(returned)e(b)n(y)h(a)g(call)i(to)f +Fm(peek-char)h Fl(is)f(the)f(same)g(as)1933 1909 y(the)i(v)l(alue)g +(that)f(w)n(ould)h(ha)n(v)n(e)g(b)r(een)f(returned)h(b)n(y)f(a)h(call)h +(to)f Fm(read-char)1933 2009 y Fl(with)c(the)g(same)g +Fj(p)l(ort)8 b Fl(.)32 b(The)18 b(only)g(di\013erence)f(is)i(that)e +(the)h(v)n(ery)f(next)g(call)1933 2109 y(to)30 b Fm(read-char)i +Fl(or)e Fm(peek-char)i Fl(on)d(that)h Fj(p)l(ort)38 b +Fl(will)31 b(return)e(the)g(v)l(alue)1933 2208 y(returned)h(b)n(y)g +(the)h(preceding)g(call)h(to)f Fm(peek-char)p Fl(.)52 +b(In)30 b(particular,)k(a)1933 2308 y(call)d(to)f Fm(peek-char)i +Fl(on)d(an)h(in)n(teractiv)n(e)g(p)r(ort)f(will)j(hang)d(w)n(aiting)i +(for)1933 2407 y(input)25 b(whenev)n(er)g(a)h(call)h(to)f +Fm(read-char)i Fl(w)n(ould)e(ha)n(v)n(e)f(h)n(ung.)1933 +2692 y Fq($eof-object?)39 b Fw(obj)12 b Fq($)1023 b +Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 2841 y(Returns)25 b Fq(#t)f Fy(if)h +Fw(obj)38 b Fy(is)25 b(an)f(end)h(of)g(\014le)g(ob)5 +b(ject,)25 b(otherwise)f(returns)1933 2941 y Fq(#f)p +Fy(.)46 b(The)31 b(precise)g(set)g(of)f(end)i(of)e(\014le)i(ob)5 +b(jects)30 b(will)h(v)-5 b(ary)30 b(among)1933 3040 y(implemen)n +(tations,)e(but)g(in)f(an)n(y)g(case)f(no)h(end)h(of)f(\014le)h(ob)5 +b(ject)27 b(will)1933 3140 y(ev)n(er)g(b)r(e)h(an)f(ob)5 +b(ject)27 b(that)h(can)g(b)r(e)g(read)e(in)i(using)f +Fq(read)p Fy(.)1933 3424 y Fq($char-ready?)-5 b($)1184 +b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 3524 y Fq($char-ready?)39 b Fw(p)l(ort)8 +b Fq($)989 b Fy(pro)r(cedure)1933 3673 y(Returns)34 +b Fq(#t)f Fy(if)h(a)f(c)n(haracter)f(is)h(ready)g(on)g(the)h(input)g +Fw(p)l(ort)42 b Fy(and)1933 3773 y(returns)32 b Fq(#f)g +Fy(otherwise.)52 b(If)33 b Fq(char-ready)c Fy(returns)j +Fq(#t)g Fy(then)i(the)1933 3872 y(next)27 b Fq(read-char)d +Fy(op)r(eration)h(on)i(the)g(giv)n(en)f Fw(p)l(ort)35 +b Fy(is)27 b(guaran)n(teed)1933 3972 y(not)f(to)g(hang.)36 +b(If)26 b(the)g Fw(p)l(ort)34 b Fy(is)26 b(at)g(end)g(of)g(\014le)g +(then)h Fq(char-ready?)1933 4071 y Fy(returns)e Fq(#t)p +Fy(.)35 b Fw(Port)e Fy(ma)n(y)24 b(b)r(e)i(omitted,)f(in)h(whic)n(h)f +(case)f(it)h(defaults)1933 4171 y(to)j(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 +b(returned)g(b)n(y)h Fq(current-input-p)o(ort)o Fy(.)1933 +4320 y Fj(R)l(ationale:)86 b Fm(Char-ready?)33 b Fl(exists)d(to)h(mak)n +(e)e(it)h(p)r(ossible)h(for)g(a)f(pro-)1933 4420 y(gram)18 +b(to)f(accept)h(c)n(haracters)h(from)e(in)n(teractiv)n(e)h(p)r(orts)g +(without)f(getting)1933 4519 y(stuc)n(k)22 b(w)n(aiting)i(for)g(input.) +32 b(An)n(y)22 b(input)f(editors)j(asso)r(ciated)g(with)f(suc)n(h)1933 +4619 y(p)r(orts)h(m)n(ust)f(ensure)g(that)g(c)n(haracters)i(whose)g +(existence)e(has)h(b)r(een)g(as-)1933 4718 y(serted)29 +b(b)n(y)e Fm(char-ready?)j Fl(cannot)e(b)r(e)g(rubb)r(ed)f(out.)42 +b(If)29 b Fm(char-ready?)1933 4818 y Fl(w)n(ere)37 b(to)f(return)f +Fm(#f)h Fl(at)h(end)e(of)i(\014le,)h(a)f(p)r(ort)f(at)g(end)f(of)i +(\014le)f(w)n(ould)1933 4918 y(b)r(e)24 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Fq(denominator)58 b Fy(23)1933 5004 y Fq(display)i +Fy(37)1933 5104 y Fq(do)i Fy(12;)26 b(44)1933 5203 y(dotted)i(pair)62 +b(25)1933 5303 y Fq(dynamic-wind)c Fy(34;)26 b(33)1933 +5504 y Fq(#e)62 b Fy(21;)26 b(38)p eop +%%Page: 49 49 +49 48 bop 3673 -125 a Fy(Index)83 b(49)-300 82 y Fq(else)61 +b Fy(10)-300 182 y(empt)n(y)28 b(list)62 b(25;)27 b(6,)g(26)-300 +282 y Fq(eof-object?)58 b Fy(36)-300 381 y Fq(eq?)j Fy(18;)27 +b(10)-300 481 y Fq(equal?)60 b Fy(19)-300 581 y(equiv)-5 +b(alence)27 b(predicate)62 b(17)-300 681 y Fq(eqv?)f +Fy(17;)26 b(7,)i(10,)e(42)-300 780 y(error)60 b(4)-300 +880 y(escap)r(e)27 b(pro)r(cedure)61 b(33)-300 980 y +Fq(eval)g Fy(35;)26 b(8)-300 1080 y Fq(even?)60 b Fy(22)-300 +1179 y(exact)i(17)-300 1279 y Fq(exact->inexact)56 b +Fy(24)-300 1379 y Fq(exact?)k Fy(21)-300 1479 y(exactness)h(19)-300 +1578 y Fq(exp)g Fy(23)-300 1678 y Fq(expt)g Fy(24)-300 +1867 y Fq(#f)g Fy(25)-300 1967 y(false)h(6;)27 b(25)-300 +2066 y Fq(floor)60 b Fy(23)-300 2166 y Fq(for-each)f +Fy(32)-300 2266 y Fq(force)h Fy(32;)27 b(13)-300 2455 +y Fq(gcd)61 b Fy(23)-300 2643 y(h)n(ygienic)g(13)-300 +2832 y Fq(#i)g Fy(21;)27 b(38)-300 2932 y(iden)n(ti\014er)62 +b(5;)27 b(6,)h(28,)e(38)-300 3031 y Fq(if)61 b Fy(10;)27 +b(41)-300 3131 y Fq(imag-part)59 b Fy(24)-300 3231 y(imm)n(utable)j(7) +-300 3331 y(implemen)n(tation)28 b(restriction)61 b(4;)27 +b(20)-300 3430 y(improp)r(er)g(list)62 b(26)-300 3530 +y(inexact)g(17)-300 3630 y Fq(inexact->exact)56 b Fy(24;)27 +b(20)-300 3730 y Fq(inexact?)59 b Fy(21)-300 3829 y(initial)28 +b(en)n(vironmen)n(t)61 b(17)-300 3929 y Fq(input-port?)d +Fy(35)-300 4029 y Fq(integer->char)f Fy(29)-300 4129 +y Fq(integer?)i Fy(21;)27 b(19)-300 4228 y Fq(interaction-envi)o(ron)o +(me)o(nt)56 b Fy(35)-300 4328 y(in)n(ternal)27 b(de\014nition)63 +b(16)-300 4517 y(k)n(eyw)n(ord)d(13;)27 b(38)-300 4706 +y Fq(lambda)60 b Fy(9;)27 b(16,)g(41)-300 4805 y(lazy)g(ev)-5 +b(aluation)62 b(13)-300 4905 y Fq(lcm)f Fy(23)-300 5005 +y Fq(length)f Fy(27;)27 b(20)-300 5105 y Fq(let)61 b +Fy(11;)27 b(12,)g(15,)f(16,)h(43)-300 5204 y Fq(let*)61 +b Fy(11;)26 b(16,)h(44)-300 5304 y Fq(let-syntax)58 b +Fy(14;)27 b(16)-300 5404 y Fq(letrec)60 b Fy(11;)27 b(16,)f(44)-300 +5504 y Fq(letrec-syntax)57 b Fy(14;)27 b(16)1933 82 y(library)61 +b(3)1933 182 y(library)27 b(pro)r(cedure)61 b(17)1933 +282 y Fq(list)g Fy(27)1933 381 y Fq(list->string)d Fy(30)1933 +481 y Fq(list->vector)g Fy(31)1933 580 y Fq(list-ref)h +Fy(27)1933 680 y Fq(list-tail)g Fy(27)1933 780 y Fq(list?)h +Fy(26)1933 879 y Fq(load)h Fy(37)1933 979 y(lo)r(cation)h(7)1933 +1079 y Fq(log)f Fy(23)1933 1263 y(macro)g(13)1933 1363 +y(macro)27 b(k)n(eyw)n(ord)60 b(13)1933 1462 y(macro)27 +b(transformer)60 b(13)1933 1562 y(macro)27 b(use)62 b(13)1933 +1662 y Fq(magnitude)d Fy(24)1933 1761 y Fq(make-polar)f +Fy(24)1933 1861 y Fq(make-rectangular)e Fy(24)1933 1961 +y Fq(make-string)i Fy(30)1933 2060 y Fq(make-vector)g +Fy(31)1933 2160 y Fq(map)j Fy(32)1933 2260 y Fq(max)g +Fy(22)1933 2359 y Fq(member)f Fy(27)1933 2459 y Fq(memq)h +Fy(27)1933 2559 y Fq(memv)g Fy(27)1933 2658 y Fq(min)g +Fy(22)1933 2758 y Fq(modulo)f Fy(22)1933 2858 y(m)n(utable)i(7)1933 +3042 y Fq(negative?)d Fy(22)1933 3142 y Fq(newline)h +Fy(37)1933 3241 y Fq(nil)h Fy(25)1933 3341 y Fq(not)g +Fy(25)1933 3441 y Fq(null-environment)56 b Fy(35)1933 +3540 y Fq(null?)k Fy(26)1933 3640 y(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)i(19)1933 +3740 y Fq(number->string)57 b Fy(24)1933 3839 y Fq(number?)j +Fy(21;)26 b(6,)i(19)1933 3939 y Fq(numerator)59 b Fy(23)1933 +4039 y(n)n(umerical)27 b(t)n(yp)r(es)62 b(19)1933 4223 +y Fq(#o)g Fy(21;)26 b(38)1933 4323 y(ob)5 b(ject)62 b(3)1933 +4422 y Fq(odd?)f Fy(22)1933 4522 y Fq(open-input-file)56 +b Fy(36)1933 4622 y Fq(open-output-file)g Fy(36)1933 +4721 y(optional)62 b(3)1933 4821 y Fq(or)g Fy(11;)26 +b(43)1933 4921 y Fq(output-port?)58 b Fy(35)1933 5105 +y(pair)k(25)1933 5205 y Fq(pair?)e Fy(26;)27 b(6)1933 +5304 y Fq(peek-char)59 b Fy(36)1933 5404 y(p)r(ort)j(35)1933 +5504 y Fq(port?)e Fy(6)p eop +%%Page: 50 50 +50 49 bop -300 -125 a Fy(50)82 b(Revised)147 -156 y Fr(5)212 +-125 y Fy(Sc)n(heme)-300 82 y Fq(positive?)59 b Fy(22)-300 +182 y(predicate)j(17)-300 281 y(pro)r(cedure)27 b(call)61 +b(9)-300 381 y Fq(procedure?)d Fy(31;)27 b(6)-300 481 +y(promise)61 b(13;)27 b(32)-300 580 y(prop)r(er)g(tail)g(recursion)61 +b(7)-300 760 y Fq(quasiquote)d Fy(13;)27 b(26)-300 860 +y Fq(quote)60 b Fy(8;)27 b(26)-300 959 y Fq(quotient)59 +b Fy(22)-300 1139 y Fq(rational?)g Fy(21;)26 b(19)-300 +1239 y Fq(rationalize)58 b Fy(23)-300 1339 y Fq(read)j +Fy(36;)26 b(26,)h(39)-300 1438 y Fq(read-char)59 b Fy(36)-300 +1538 y Fq(real-part)g Fy(24)-300 1637 y Fq(real?)h Fy(21;)27 +b(19)-300 1737 y(referen)n(tially)f(transparen)n(t)61 +b(13)-300 1837 y(region)g(6;)27 b(10,)g(11,)g(12)-300 +1936 y Fq(remainder)59 b Fy(22)-300 2036 y Fq(reverse)g +Fy(27)-300 2136 y Fq(round)h Fy(23)-300 2315 y Fq(scheme-report-en)o +(vir)o(on)o(me)o(nt)c Fy(35)-300 2415 y Fq(set!)61 b +Fy(10;)26 b(16,)h(41)-300 2515 y Fq(set-car!)59 b Fy(26)-300 +2614 y Fq(set-cdr!)g Fy(26)-300 2714 y Fq(setcar)h Fy(42)-300 +2814 y(simplest)28 b(rational)61 b(23)-300 2913 y Fq(sin)g +Fy(23)-300 3013 y Fq(sqrt)g Fy(24)-300 3112 y Fq(string)f +Fy(30)-300 3212 y Fq(string->list)d Fy(30)-300 3312 y +Fq(string->number)f Fy(24)-300 3411 y Fq(string->symbol)g +Fy(28)-300 3511 y Fq(string-append)h Fy(30)-300 3611 +y Fq(string-ci<=?)g Fy(30)-300 3710 y Fq(string-ci=?)f Fy(30)-300 4009 y Fq(string-ci>?)h +Fy(30)-300 4109 y Fq(string-copy)g Fy(30)-300 4208 y +Fq(string-fill!)f Fy(31)-300 4308 y Fq(string-length)g +Fy(30;)27 b(20)-300 4408 y Fq(string-ref)58 b Fy(30)-300 +4507 y Fq(string-set!)g Fy(30;)26 b(28)-300 4607 y Fq(string<=?)59 +b Fy(30)-300 4707 y Fq(string=?)g Fy(30)-300 5005 y Fq(string>?)g +Fy(30)-300 5105 y Fq(string?)g Fy(30;)27 b(6)-300 5205 +y Fq(substring)59 b Fy(30)-300 5304 y Fq(symbol->string)d +Fy(28;)27 b(7)-300 5404 y Fq(symbol?)59 b Fy(28;)27 b(6)-300 +5504 y(syn)n(tactic)g(k)n(eyw)n(ord)60 b(6;)28 b(5,)f(13,)g(38)1933 +82 y(syn)n(tax)g(de\014nition)63 b(17)1933 182 y Fq(syntax-rules)58 +b Fy(14;)26 b(17)1933 364 y Fq(#t)62 b Fy(25)1933 464 +y(tail)28 b(call)62 b(7)1933 564 y Fq(tan)f Fy(23)1933 +663 y(tok)n(en)h(38)1933 763 y(top)28 b(lev)n(el)f(en)n(vironmen)n(t)61 +b(17;)27 b(6)1933 863 y Fq(transcript-off)57 b Fy(37)1933 +962 y Fq(transcript-on)g Fy(37)1933 1062 y(true)62 b(6;)28 +b(10,)e(25)1933 1161 y Fq(truncate)59 b Fy(23)1933 1261 +y(t)n(yp)r(e)k(6)1933 1444 y(un)n(b)r(ound)g(6;)27 b(8,)g(16)1933 +1543 y Fq(unquote)60 b Fy(13;)26 b(26)1933 1643 y Fq(unquote-splicing) +56 b Fy(13;)27 b(26)1933 1743 y(unsp)r(eci\014ed)63 b(4)1933 +1925 y(v)-5 b(alid)28 b(indexes)62 b(30;)27 b(31)1933 +2025 y Fq(values)60 b Fy(34;)27 b(9)1933 2125 y(v)-5 +b(ariable)61 b(6;)28 b(5,)f(8,)g(38)1933 2224 y Fq(vector)60 +b Fy(31)1933 2324 y Fq(vector->list)e Fy(31)1933 2423 +y Fq(vector-fill!)g Fy(31)1933 2523 y Fq(vector-length)f +Fy(31;)27 b(20)1933 2623 y Fq(vector-ref)58 b Fy(31)1933 +2722 y Fq(vector-set!)g Fy(31)1933 2822 y Fq(vector?)i +Fy(31;)26 b(6)1933 3005 y(whitespace)62 b(5)1933 3104 +y Fq(with-input-from-f)o(il)o(e)56 b Fy(35)1933 3204 +y Fq(with-output-to-fi)o(le)g Fy(35)1933 3303 y Fq(write)k +Fy(37;)27 b(13)1933 3403 y Fq(write-char)58 b Fy(37)1933 +3586 y Fq(#x)k Fy(21;)26 b(39)1933 3768 y Fq(zero?)60 +b Fy(22)p eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/www/Documents/Standards/index.shtml b/www/Documents/Standards/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0d3e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/Standards/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Documents: Standards + + + +

Standards

+ +

There are two standards for Scheme: an official standard with IEEE +and a de facto one, often called +“RⁿRS”, short for the +Revised^{n^th} +Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme. In colloquial use, +“Scheme standard” usually refers to the latter.

+ +

+
The IEEE standard, 1178-1990 (R1995), should be available at +technical bookstores, and +from IEEE. I do not believe there are free on-line +copies available. According to the document, +
+IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and +Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O.Box 1331, +Piscataway, NJ 08833-1331, USA. +
+
+ + +
+
You can find R7RS online, + as well as R6RS. +The Scheme Language Charter documents the +process that led to the creation of R6RS. +You can also find the older revisions, + R5RS and + R4RS, online. +
+ +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Documents/index.shtml b/www/Documents/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edec96a --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Documents/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Documents + + + +

+There are several categories of documents listed here: + +

Frequently Asked Questions +
Videos +
Articles and Essays +
Introductory and + Advanced Texts that use Scheme +
Technical Papers +
Standards +
Mailing Lists +

+ +Jim Bender's +Readscheme +site has lots of additional bibliographic information. +

+ + +

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

+ +

+The comprehensive Scheme FAQ is now a +Wiki. +Please get involved! +

+ + +

Videos

+ +

+Hari Prashanth is kindly maintaining an archive of +videos +related to both education and research. +

+ + +

Articles and Essays

+ +

+The Perils of JavaSchools, +Joel Spolsky, 2005
Why Java (and almost every other programming language) sucks, +Ed Watkeys, 2005
+Successful Scheme: Programming language still going strong after 25 +years, +by Cameron Laird and Kathryn Soraiz, Sun World Online, October 2000
+Lisp as an Alternative to Java, Erann Gat
Symbolic +Programming vs. the A.P. Curriculum, Brian Harvey
A +Laboratory Computer Science Course for Liberal Arts Students, John +E. Howland, 1996
Scheme for a +Hands-on Abstraction-based Trial Experience of Computer Science, +Max Hailperin, 1996
+High School Computing: The Inside Story, Natasha Chen, in +The Computing Teacher, May 1992

+ +

+ +Paul Graham's essays +are a trove of additional material about the Lisp family. +

+ + + +

Introductory Texts

+ +

+These are textbooks dedicated to the introductory programming +curriculum and/or beginning Schemers. + +

+ +

+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs +(2/e), Harold Abelson, Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman, MIT +Press, 1996 + +
+La programmation: une approche fonctionnelle et récursive avec +Scheme, Laurent Arditi and Stéphane Ducasse, +Eyrolles, 1996 + +
+Initiation à la programmation avec Scheme, +Laurent Bloch, Editions Technip, 2001
+Programmation récursive (en Scheme), +Anne Brygoo, Titou Durand, Maryse Pelletier, +Christian Queinnec and Michèle Soria, +Dunod, 2004
+Programmation récursive -- annales corrigées + novembre 2001-septembre 2005, +Anne Brygoo, Titou Durand, Maryse Pelletier, +Christian Queinnec and Michèle Soria, +Paracamplus, 2006
+Programmer avec Scheme: De la pratique à la +théorie, Jacques Chazarain, International Thomson +Publishing, 1996 + +
+Passeport pour Scheme, Robert Cori and Pierre +Casteran, unpublished manuscript + +
+The Scheme Programming Language (3/e), R. Kent +Dybvig, MIT Press, 2003 + +
+How to Design Programs, Matthias Felleisen, Robert +Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt and Shriram Krishnamurthi, MIT Press, +2001 (available in full on-line, date is for print version) + +
The Schemers +Guide (2/e), Iain Ferguson with Edward Martin and Burt +Kaufman, Schemers Inc., 1995 + +
The Little +Schemer (4/e), Daniel P. Friedman and Matthias Felleisen, +MIT Press, 1995 + +
The +Seasoned Schemer, Daniel P. Friedman and Matthias +Felleisen, MIT Press, 1995 + +
+Exploring Computer Science with Scheme, Oliver +Grillmeyer, Springer-Verlag, 1998 + +
+Concrete Abstractions: An Introduction to Computer Science Using +Scheme, Max Hailperin, Barbara Kaiser and Karl Knight, PWS +Publishing, 1998 + +
+Sketchy Scheme (4.5th ed), Nils M. Holm, self-published +(the 4.0 edition, called Sketchy LISP but using Scheme, is + available for free) + +
+Simply Scheme, Brian Harvey and Matthew Wright, MIT +Press + +
+Programmation Fonctionnelle en Scheme, Jean-Michel +Hufflen, Masson, Paris, 1996 + +
+Die Macht der Abstraktion, +Herbert Klaeren und Michael Sperber, +Teubner, +2007
+Vom Problem zum Programm: Architektur und Bedeutung von +Computerprogrammen (3/e), Herbert Klaeren und Michael Sperber, +Teubner, 2001 + +
+The Schematics of Computation, Vincent Manis and +James Little, Prentice-Hall, 1995 + +
+Recueil de Petits Problèmes en Scheme, +Luc Moreau, Christian Queinnec, Daniel Ribbens and Manuel Serrano, +Springer, 1999 + +
+Programming and Meta Programming in Scheme (with errata), Jon +Pearce, Springer, 1998 + +
+Débuter la programmation avec Scheme, +Jean-Christophe Routier and Eric Wegrzynowski, International Thompson +Publishing France, 1997 + +
+Premiers cours de programmation avec Scheme, +Jean-Paul Roy, Ellipses, 2010 + +
+Teach Yourself Scheme in Fixnum Days, +Dorai Sitaram, Web document + +
+Scheme and the Art of Programming, George Springer +and Daniel P. Friedman, MIT Press/McGraw Hill, 1990 + +

+ + +

Advanced Texts

+ +

+These are texts on advanced material that either use Scheme as the +object of study or employ Scheme to illustrate key ideas. + +

+ +

+The Reasoned Schemer, +Daniel P. Friedman, William E. Byrd, and Oleg Kiselyov, +MIT Press, 2005 + +
+Essentials of Programming Languages (2/e), Daniel +P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand and Christopher T. Haynes, MIT +Press, 2001 + +
+Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation, +Shriram Krishnamurthi, 2003 + +
Principles of Programming Languages, Shriram + Krishnamurthi and +Matthias Felleisen, Rice University Department of Computer Science +Technical Report CS TR 97-292 — this has now been superceded +by the previous entry + +
+Principes d'implantation de Scheme et Lisp, +Christian Queinnec, Paracamplus, +2007: formerly + +Les Langages Lisp, Christian Queinnec, InterEditions, +1994 (or Lisp in Small Pieces, Cambridge University +Press) + +
+The Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics, +Gerald Jay Sussman and Jack Wisdom, MIT Press, 2001 + +
+An Introduction to Scheme and its Implementation, +Paul Wilson (book-in-progress) + +

+ + +

Technical Papers

+ + + +

+ +The Scheme Repository has a collection of classical papers, +as the + +repository at CMU has an older one. +

+ + + +

Mailing List Archives

+ +

+The archives of the +RnRS authors' mailing list, dating back to 1984, have recently +become available on-line. +

+ + +

Standards

+ +

The standards have been moved to their own +separate page.

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Education/index.shtml b/www/Education/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2daaa06 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Education/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Education + + + +This page is meant to be a meta-resource for people interested in +Scheme as a tool in education. It includes information on the +following topics: + +

+ +

Scheme in the Curriculum

+ +Several institutions now use Scheme as one of the primary languages in +their curriculum. For some years now, Terry Kaufman has conducted a +monthly survey on +Usenet collecting information on the use of Scheme in various courses +at hundreds of universities and high schools. (The document is about +35K in size.) + +

+ +

Educational Infrastructure Projects

+ +Some educational infrastructure projects use Scheme as one of the +primary languages: + +

+ +

+Indiana University + +
+Oberlin College + +
The TeachScheme! +Project, hosted primarily at Brown University, Northeastern +University and the University of Utah, with support from several +others (Adelphi University, Rice University, Worcester Polytechnic +Institute, etc.)
Schemers Inc. + +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Events/Workshops/Jan1999/index.shtml b/www/Events/Workshops/Jan1999/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0886c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Events/Workshops/Jan1999/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + + + + + + +Scheme 1999 Workshop + + + +

+ + + +

+ +

Scheme '99: Call for Continuation

+ + + +
Trinity University
+ San Antonio, TX
+ 23 January 1999
+ Co-located with POPL'99 + +
+ + +

+ +

The +Scheme Workshop in Baltimore succesfully resolved several +outstanding language design issues including a basic framework for +exception handling and a mechanism for adding expressible language +constructs (SRFI).

+ +

Since time ran out on a number of other topics (including modules, +unicode, and classes/records), Rice's Programming Language Team offers to +organize a Scheme workshop in conjunction with POPL'99. People interested +in attending should send email to +

+Matthias Felleisen <matthias@rice.edu>
+by
+30 November 1998. +

+The workshop will only take place if a sufficient number of people (say 15) +have expressed interest by this deadline.

+ +

matthias@rice.edu

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Events/Workshops/Sep1998/minutes b/www/Events/Workshops/Sep1998/minutes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c4bd76 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Events/Workshops/Sep1998/minutes @@ -0,0 +1,421 @@ +From nobody Wed Oct 21 13:48:00 1998 +Path: rice!mufasa.harvard.edu!rutgers!news.sgi.com!nntp.primenet.com!newsfeed.cwix.com!209.95.128.196!news-nyc.telia.net!masternews.telia.net!news-feed.inet.tele.dk!bofh.vszbr.cz!newsfeed.online.no!news.ccs.neu.edu!not-for-mail +From: William D Clinger +Newsgroups: comp.lang.scheme +Subject: my notes from the Scheme workshop at ICFP98 +Date: Mon, 19 Oct 1998 11:40:47 -0400 +Organization: Northeastern University +Lines: 400 +Message-ID: <362B5D7A.22872047@ccs.neu.edu> +References: +Reply-To: will@ccs.neu.edu +NNTP-Posting-Host: bonneville.ccs.neu.edu +Mime-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit +X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 (Macintosh; I; PPC) +To: mkgardne@cs.uiuc.edu +CC: will@ccs.neu.edu +Xref: rice comp.lang.scheme:24631 + +Will Clinger's revised notes (as of 19 Oct 1998) on the +Scheme Workshop before ICFP '98 in Baltimore, +26 September 1998, from one to six o'clock. + +(Will's original notes included an incorrect description of +WITH-HANDLER. These revised notes incorporate Matthew Flatt's +code for WITH-HANDLER, and reflect Shriram Krishnamurthi's +confirmation that he volunteered to provide the web site for RFIs. +Will would like to emphasize that this was not a meeting of the +R*RS authors, and that his opinions as expressed in these notes +may not be shared by any of the other R*RS authors.) + + +Richard Kelsey presided, counted votes, but did not vote himself. +There were 25 attendees (including Kelsey) at the start of the +workshop, growing to at least 32 as the workshop continued. The +written proposals that were available before the workshop are +still available at +http://www.neci.nj.nec.com/homepages/kelsey/workshop.html. + + +Kelsey presented a list of the proposals that had been received, +and added a couple of new topics that were proposed for discussion +even though no formal proposals were in hand. For each proposal +and topic, he counted the number of attendees who wanted to cover +that proposal or topic at the workshop. The most popular topics +were then covered in decreasing order of popularity, except for +a few reorderings to consider related topics together or to delay +a topic that was expected to require an unusually long discussion. +The more complex topics were discussed toward the end of the +workshop. + +[Except as noted within square brackets, the proposals that gained +the approval of a majority of those in attendance at the workshop +are extensions that do not conflict with the Scheme standards.] + + +RECORDS. + +21 people wanted to discuss records. Kelsey reported that Kent +Dybvig and Bill Rozas had been developing a record proposal and +were almost finished. Their proposal was expected to be agreeable +to all. Kent summarized this proposal after the workshop ended +at six o'clock. + + +DELIMITED CHARACTER SYNTAX. + +20 people wanted to discuss an oral proposal by Kent Dybvig that +a delimiter be required following the character syntax. For +example, (#\123) would be an error instead of being equivalent to +(#\1 23) as now. This change would make it possible to add some +extensions to the character syntax, for example to support Unicode. +Dybvig reported that Chez Scheme already requires a delimiter +following the character syntax, and would like to see that behavior +sanctioned by the Scheme standards. + +Will Clinger requested that those present be polled to provide +some record of their opinions for posterity. Kelsey proposed that +the poll be worded as something like "How many people would like +to recommend this to the R*RS authors?" and "How many people would +prefer not to recommend this to the authors?". As the moderator, +Kelsey did not vote on this or any other proposal. + +This straw poll indicated that 24 people wanted to recommend that +a delimiter be required following the character syntax, and none +were opposed to this recommendation. + +[This requires minor changes to both the IEEE standard and the R5RS.] + + +LET-SYNTAX AND LETREC-SYNTAX SHOULD NOT CREATE A NEW SCOPE. + +15 people wanted to discuss an oral proposal by Kent Dybvig that +LET-SYNTAX and LETREC-SYNTAX should not introduce a new scope. +This would allow a LET-SYNTAX or LETREC-SYNTAX form to expand +into one or more definitions that are visible in the scope in +which they appear. This is impossible with the R5RS semantics, +which effectively requires LET-SYNTAX and LETREC-SYNTAX to expand +into an expression of the form (LET () ___). The straw poll for +this issue was 17-3. + +[This requires minor changes to the R5RS.] + + +REPOSITORY FOR PROPOSALS. + +17 people wanted to discuss Alan Bawden's proposal for library +support primitives, which had more to do with process than with +technical changes to the language. Discussion led to a proposal +to create a World-Wide Web repository for proposals in the form +of requests for implementations (RFIs). Creating such a +repository does not require any changes to the R*RS or IEEE +standard, so the straw poll was amended to ask how many people +thought this should be done. The straw poll was unanimously in +favor. + +Shriram Krishnamurthi volunteered to do this. + + +CHECKING FOR FEATURES SUPPORTED BY AN IMPLEMENTATION. + +13 people wanted to discuss Marc Feeley's proposal for allowing +a program to query an implementation to determine its name or +version or other characteristics. This was considered early +because it was relevant to Bawden's proposal. + +The attendees felt that it was more useful to inquire concerning +the properties of an implementation than to ask for the name or +version of the implementation, pointing to experience with the C +preprocessor. Feeley had proposed three different times for this +kind of query: + + A. execution time + B. macro expansion time (as in C) + C. read time (during lexical analysis and parsing, as in + Common Lisp) + +A separate straw poll was taken for each of these three times, +assuming a feature-oriented set of query predicates whose details +would have to be worked out in a future proposal. The results +of these straw polls were as follows: + + A. execution time: 9-7 + B. macro expansion time: 25-0 + C. read time: 0-25 + + +INCLUDING SOURCE CODE. + +12 people wanted to discuss Marc Feeley's proposal for an INCLUDE +form that includes source code from a file. This was considered +early because conditional inclusion of a file is expected +to be one of the most common reasons for checking on the features +that are supported by an implementation. + +Feeley's proposal was amended to allow (INCLUDE ) to +appear anywhere an expression or definition can appear, and to +wrap an implicit (BEGIN ___) around the contents of the file. + +The straw poll was 24-1 in favor of this proposal. Lars Hansen +voted twice, feeling that it was both a good and a bad idea +(bad because program-understanding tools become more sensitive +to the file system). + + +SAFER FILE I/O. + +17 people wanted to discuss an off-the-cuff proposal by Will +Clinger to make opening and closing of files into safer operations. +As amended by the attendees, this proposal adds six new procedures: + + (file-exists? ) + (delete-file ) + (rename-file ) + (with-input-from-port ) + (with-output-to-port ) + (call-with-file-error-handler ...) + +Several implementations already provide the first three, and the +desirability of WITH-INPUT-FROM-PORT and WITH-OUTPUT-TO-PORT has +been noted by many people. + +The second argument to CALL-WITH-FILE-ERROR-HANDLER is required +to be one of the following procedures: + + open-input-file + open-output-file + delete-file + rename-file + +This procedure is called on ... . If a file i/o error +occurs, then the error is signalled by calling with no +arguments and the same implicit continuation that was passed to +CALL-WITH-FILE-ERROR-HANDLER. + +The straw poll was 20-4 in favor of this proposal. + +Kelsey asked how many people wanted to discuss exceptions. Since +several people had arrived since the original vote was taken on +which topics should be discussed, and exceptions were perceived +to have the potential to consume the rest of the workshop, new +votes were taken to gauge the interest in several other topics +that had not yet been discussed. + + +IEEE FLOATING POINT. + +24 people wanted to discuss Brad Lucier's proposal for bringing +Scheme's inexact arithmetic into line with the IEEE floating point +standards and with other recommended practice for transcendental +functions and complex arithmetic. Most of Lucier's proposals +would apply only to implementations that use IEEE floating point +for inexact arithmetic and would thus act as recommendations, +much like the appendices on inexact arithmetic that were published +with the IEEE standard for Scheme. A few of Lucier's proposals +would require changes to the Scheme standards themselves, however. + +Discussion of Lucier's proposal required detailed knowledge of IEEE +floating point arithmetic, which most attendees did not have. The +straw poll was 31-0 in favor of bringing Scheme into line with IEEE +floating point and with current practice, trusting experts to work +out the details. + +[This requires changes to both the IEEE standard and the R5RS: + + The behavior of EQV? on inexact numbers would change. + If x and y are inexact reals represented as IEEE floating + point numbers, then (EQV? x y) would be true if and only if + x and y are equal _and_ have the same base, sign, number of + bits in the exponent, number of bits in the significand, + and the same biased exponents and significands. For + example, (EQV? +0. -0.) would be false, as would + (EQV? 1e8 1d8) in an implementation for which 1d8 has more + precision than 1e8. In most implementations (EQV? x y) + would be computed by a bit-level comparison of the floating + point representations for x and y. + + (REAL? 4.3+0.i) and (REAL? 4.3-0.i) would be false, although + (REAL? 4.3+0i) and (REAL? 4.3-0i) would remain true (assuming + an implementation allows the real and imaginary parts of a + complex number to have a different exactness, which is not + required by the Scheme standards and would not be required + by Lucier's proposal). + + TRUNCATE, ROUND, CEILING, and FLOOR would be defined only on + rationals, not on all reals. The motivation for this is that + infinities and NaNs would be reals but not rationals, and + there is no meaningful integer value that these procedures + could return for infinities and NaNs. Similarly the first + argument to RATIONALIZE would be required to be a rational. + + The branch cuts for certain transcendental functions would + change to conform to current practice. + + Kahan reportedly would like for (MAX 1 +nan. 2) to return 2 + instead of +nan., but this would conflict with the guiding + principle of Scheme's inexact arithmetic so I oppose this. + Returning an inexact 2. would be consistent with Scheme's + arithmetic, and would not require any changes to the Scheme + standards. + +The changes to EQV? and REAL? would probably be the most visible +in programs. Generally speaking, the people who want these +changes are also the only ones who are likely to notice them.] + + +EXCEPTIONS. + +18 people wanted to discuss exceptions. Starting with the +Friedman/Haynes/Dybvig proposal, the attendees designed the +core of an exception system with three procedures and one +special syntactic form: + + (current-exception-handler) + (call-with-handler ) + (raise ) + (with-handlers (( ) ...) ) + +These operations must be augmented by an abstract data type of +exceptions, including operations that: + + create an exception + return an error message that is appropriate for an exception + extract other information that a programmer might want to + package with an exception + tell whether an exception is continuable + tell whether an exception is an i/o exception + ... + +Finally, an implementation would arrange for errors to be signalled +by calling the current exception handler with an appropriate +exception. + +(CURRENT-EXCEPTION-HANDLER) returns the dynamically current +exception handler. Implementations would provide a default +handler, much like (CURRENT-INPUT-PORT) is the default input +port. + +(CALL-WITH-HANDLER ) uses DYNAMIC-WIND or an +equivalent technique to make the dynamically current +exception handler, and calls . The dynamic scope of the + ends when returns. + +(RAISE ) calls the current exception handler with +one argument, the . RAISE could be defined by + + (define (raise exception) + ((current-exception-handler) exception)) + +but post-workshop deliberation has suggested that RAISE +should be used only for non-continuable errors, in which case it +would be defined by something like + + (define raise + (letrec ((raise + (lambda (exception) + ((current-exception-handler) exception) + (raise )))) + raise)) + +where is an exception whose error message +would be something like "Contining a non-continuable exception +is not allowed.". Programmers who want to raise a continuable +exception could call (CURRENT-EXCEPTION-HANDLER) directly. + +(WITH-HANDLERS (( ) ...) ) is syntactic +sugar for something like Matthew Flatt's untested + + (define-syntax with-handlers + (syntax-rules () + ((_ ((predicate handler-procedure) ...) b1 b2 ...) + ((call-with-current-continuation + (lambda (k) + (let ((rh (current-exception-handler)) + (preds (list predicate ...)) + (handlers (list handler-procedure ...))) + (call-with-handler + (lambda (exn) + (call-with-handler + rh + (lambda () + (let f ((preds preds) (handlers handlers)) + (if (not (null? preds)) + (if ((car preds) exn) + (k (lambda () ((car handlers) exn))) + (f (cdr preds) (cdr handlers))) + (rh exn)))))) + (lambda () + (call-with-values + (lambda () b1 b2 ...) + (lambda args + (k (lambda () (apply values args)))))))))))))) + +The idea here is that is evaluated within the dynamic scope +of an exception handler that takes an exception and tests it using +the predicates to select the specific handler that should handle +the exception. If no predicate returns true, then the handler +that was current when the WITH-HANDLERS form was entered is used. +The selected handler is called after the handler that was current +when the WITH-HANDLERS form was entered has been reestablished as +the current handler. This helps to avoid infinite loops when a +buggy exception handler generates an exception itself. + +Most programmers are expected to use WITH-HANDLERS and RAISE as +a mechanism for exiting from a computation that encounters an error, +while the lower-level CALL-WITH-HANDLER and CURRENT-EXCEPTION-HANDLER +mechanisms allow for very fast continuable exceptions that do not +necessarily correspond to errors. + +Kent Dybvig and Matthew Flatt were appointed to finish this proposal. +Marc Feeley and Will Clinger volunteered to review it. + +The straw poll on this exception proposal was 31-1. Alan Bawden +voted negatively out of concern for problems that are not solved +by this proposal. The exception data type represents a kind of +language that programs use to communicate between the code that +encounters an unusual situation and the handler that deals with +the situation. The design of this language is the hard part. +We are hoping to finesse that by using a very simple abstract +data type of exceptions for now, leaving extensions of that data +type to the future. + + +UNICODE. + +12 people wanted to discuss Marc Feeley's proposal for supporting +Unicode in Scheme. This proposal contained many parts, several +of which appeared to be separable. Some of the syntactic details +are fairly arbitrary and are justified by appeals to compatibility +with other languages; these details deserve more thought. + +The attendees seemed to feel that some such proposal is needed but +that the details of Feeley's proposal were a little too unsettled. + +The straw poll was 27-2 in favor of developing and adopting some +similar proposal, but was not a vote on the details of this +specific proposal. The negative votes apparently reflected a +feeling that it was not a good idea to vote on the general idea +of a proposal instead of its specific details. + +[If Feeley's proposal is interpreted as a proposal for how an +implementation of Scheme should support Unicode, then the only +incompatibilities between Feeley's proposal and the existing +Scheme standards appear to be conflicts that could be resolved +by requiring a delimiter to follow the character notation, as +was discussed toward the beginning of the workshop. + +If Feeley's proposal is interpreted as a proposal for requiring all +implementations of Scheme to support Unicode, however, then there +are a great many incompatibilities between Feeley's proposal and +the current Scheme standards. + +It is not clear which of these interpretations was intended. +Feeley phrased his proposal in terms of a language called "System +Scheme", whose precise relationship to the Scheme standards is +unclear.] + + +The workshop ended at about six o'clock. + diff --git a/www/Events/index.shtml b/www/Events/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..315629e --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Events/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Future and Past Events + + + +

Past Events

+ +

+The annual Scheme and Functional Programming workshop series +has its own +home page. +

+ +

+The +2009 +Scheme workshop was in Boston. +
+ICFP 2008 featured the +Scheme 2008 +workshop. +
+ICFP 2007 featured the +Scheme 2007 +workshop. +
ICFP 2006 featured the + +Scheme 2006 workshop. +
+ +
ICFP 2005 featured the + +Scheme 2005 workshop. +
ECOOP 2005 featured the + +2nd European LISP and Scheme Workshop. +
Olin Shivers and Oscar Waddell chaired the + +2004 Scheme Workshop in Snowbird, Utah, in September, 2004. +The workshop's Web site includes the proceedings. +
Pascal Costanza organized the + +First European Lisp and Scheme Workshop +in conjunction with ECOOP in Oslo in June, 2004. +The workshop's Web site includes the proceedings. +
Matthew Flatt chaired the + +2003 Scheme Workshop in Boston in November, 2002. +Jay McCarthy took + +detailed notes +from the event. +
Olin Shivers chaired + +Scheme and Functional Programming, 2002 in Pittsburgh +in October, 2002. The workshop's Web site includes the proceedings. +
Manuel Serrano chaired + +Scheme and Functional Programming, 2001 in Florence +in September, 2001. The workshop's Web site includes the proceedings. +
Matthias Felleisen organized a workshop, +Scheme and +Functional Programming, as part of +Principles, Logics, and +Implementations of High-Level Programming Languages (PLI) in +September 2000. The workshop's Web site includes the proceedings. +
Richard Kelsey organized a +Scheme +Strawman Workshop in conjunction with the International +Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP '98) in September, +1998. The +minutes are +on-line.
+Functional Languages in the Introductory Computing Curriculum +(held on May 24, 1996)
Scheme Implementors' Workshop (held on May 23, 1996)
+20th Anniversary Scheme Workshop (held on January 21, 1996)

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Formats/base-url b/www/Formats/base-url new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39310ca --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Formats/base-url @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +http://www.schemers.org \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/Formats/body-tag.shtml b/www/Formats/body-tag.shtml new file mode 120000 index 0000000..80cf38e --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Formats/body-tag.shtml @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +prefix.shtml \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/Formats/prefix.shtml b/www/Formats/prefix.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4da1608 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Formats/prefix.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + + + +

+ + + + + +
+ +

+ '(schemers . org):
+ an improper list
+ of Scheme resources
+ —[DS] + diff --git a/www/Formats/signature.shtml b/www/Formats/signature.shtml new file mode 120000 index 0000000..6830ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Formats/signature.shtml @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +suffix.shtml \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/Formats/ssi-config.shtml b/www/Formats/ssi-config.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75a9cc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Formats/ssi-config.shtml @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + diff --git a/www/Formats/suffix.shtml b/www/Formats/suffix.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31eefc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Formats/suffix.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +
+

+ +

+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ Last modified + + Powered by +
+ Site Contact +
+

+ + diff --git a/www/Implementations/Other/index.shtml b/www/Implementations/Other/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7401b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Implementations/Other/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Implementations: Other + + + +

Other Implementations

+ +

This page lists some of the Scheme implementations that are not in +active use but may be of interest for historical reasons. + +

PC-Scheme +(graciously made freely available by Texas Instruments) and PC-Scheme/Geneva +(no longer being developed) + +
VSCM (no +longer being developed) + +
XLISP (a superset +of Scheme; successor of XScheme) + +
+Scheme->C (but see its current versions) + +
MacScheme + +
Hobbit + +
Orbit + +
Rabbit + +
Inlab-Scheme + +
UMB Scheme + +
T +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Implementations/index.shtml b/www/Implementations/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf4d3f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Implementations/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Implementations + + + + +

Implementations

+ +

There are numerous implementations of Scheme, both free and +commercial, that run on various hardware platforms and operating +systems. Many of these offer advanced facilities such as object +systems, graphical user interfaces, systems programming resources and +so forth. See the + +fairly complete list. +

+ + +

Libraries

+ +

+The + +FAQ provides information +on Scheme libraries. +

+ + +

Graphical Programming Environments

+ +

+There is a growing number of integrated graphical Scheme programming +environments, including those listed below. + +

+ +

3DScheme, + 3DScheme Pro and + EdScheme +
Bee +
DrScheme +
fluxus, + a livecoding environment +
SchemeWay, + a Scheme environment built atop Eclipse
Pilo Visual Tools + for Scheme

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Miscellaneous/carolan.txt b/www/Miscellaneous/carolan.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f637d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Miscellaneous/carolan.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +From: john carolan +To: scheme@cs.rice.edu +Subject: Thank you +Date: Sat, 15 Nov 1997 12:25:53 -0500 + +Hello + +I have used DrScheme for a few days now and have enjoyed it very much. + +I am very impressed with the quality and usability of the software and I am +grateful that you have made it available on the 'Net. + +I worte this rhyme today and I thought you might like it as a token of my +appreciation. + +"Reflecting in those things that might have been: +How Isaac Newton further far has seen +confronting that vast Ocean of Unknown +the shoulders that he stands on are his own. +First on his left, then his remaining hand +the half-dimensioned fractal of the strand. +Dreams (that he is dreaming in a dream) +the lithe recursive calculus of Scheme." + +Thank you, and enjoy! + + +johnc@glock.ie John Carolan Dublin, Ireland + +( broadcasting from Commack, Long Island ) + +Enter not the Internet + to spoil the Cyberspace. +Engage your fellow netizens + with tolerance and grace. diff --git a/www/Miscellaneous/imagine.txt b/www/Miscellaneous/imagine.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1bff904 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Miscellaneous/imagine.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Posted to comp.lang.scheme on January 17, 1996, for Scheme's twentieth +birthday: + + ((I m a g i n e) + (shriram@cs.rice.edu) + (((Imagine there's no FORTRAN) + (It's easy if you try) + (No SML below us) (Above us only Y) + (Imagine all the people) + (Living for their Chez)) + ((Imagine there's no memory leaks) + (It isn't hard to do) + (Nothing to malloc(3) + or free(3) for) + (And no (void *) too) + (Imagine all the people) + (Living in parentheses)) + ((You may say I'm a Schemer) + (But I'm not the only one) + (I hope someday you'll join us) + (And the world will be as + (lambda (f) (lambda (x) (f x))))) + ((Imagine those continuations) + (I wonder if you can) + (No need for C or pointers) + (A brotherhood of Dan) + (Imagine all the people) + (GCing all the world)) + ((You may say I'm a Schemer) + (But I'm not the only one) + (I hope someday you'll join us) + (And the world will be as + (lambda (f) (lambda (x) (f x))))))) + +'shriram diff --git a/www/Miscellaneous/index.shtml b/www/Miscellaneous/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76b6c33 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Miscellaneous/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Miscellany + + + +

Doggerel

+ +

+Scheme seems to inspire more than its fair share of doggerel. Like +many Scheme programs themselves, these works are brief but passionate. +They are also, unlike so many pieces that involve C or Unix or +networks, upbeat and positive; don't come here to find laments about +core dumps. Here are some examples: + +

Shriram +Krishnamurthi wrote (Imagine) to celebrate Scheme's +twentieth birthday. + +
John Carolan expressed his emotions on +encountering Scheme in verse. + +
Jeremy +Buhler contributed this bit for the +Seasonal Lisp +Machine. + +

+ +

Of Machines and Monsters

+ +

+The folks at Helsinki University of Technology have created a Schememonster +to follow Alan Perlis's exhortation to ``keep fun in computing''. +

+ +

+Oh yeah, did we mention the Seasonal Lisp +Machine? +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Miscellaneous/lispm-verse.txt b/www/Miscellaneous/lispm-verse.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65ed5e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Miscellaneous/lispm-verse.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Let hackers and wireheads grovel and curse, + Chase pointers and seg fault in C; +Our LispM shall never fandango on core -- + Content with hard CDR are we! diff --git a/www/News/index.shtml b/www/News/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41e189c --- /dev/null +++ b/www/News/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Placeholder + + + + + + +

This page has been re-distributed. Activities now belong in their +own space. News will be put on the main page, +then moved into its appropriate category.

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Other/index.shtml b/www/Other/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e046b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Other/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Other Resources + + + +

+Other sources of information on Scheme include archives at: + +

+ +

+The principal Scheme newsgroup is comp.lang.scheme. +

+ +

+Graham Hutton at the University of Nottingham maintains an +excellent Functional +Programming FAQ, which has more general information. +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Positions/aleri-2002-02-15.txt b/www/Positions/aleri-2002-02-15.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e54e303 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/aleri-2002-02-15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +[This posting is NO LONGER OPEN. However, you may want to keep an + eye on future openings at Aleri.] + +Aleri (www.aleri.com) is looking for strong functional programmers +interested in joining our team in NY. We are building a novel +high-performance database engine using an in-house functional language +and have plenty of interesting algorithmic problems to solve. Ideal +candidates would also have some background in databases. We are +looking to hire one or two people right away, though we may hire more +in the future. New members would join a team of a dozen talented +programmers, situated in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, that includes +myself and Jon Riecke. Aleri is startup company with significant +revenue as well as VC funding, and offers both stock options and +competitve salary compensation. + +Andrew Wright (andrew.wright@aleri.com) diff --git a/www/Positions/content-integrity-2000-6-23.txt b/www/Positions/content-integrity-2000-6-23.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26f2733 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/content-integrity-2000-6-23.txt @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +Time-stamp: <00/06/25 13:40:27 shriram> + added text about Scheme with Joe Marshall's permission + +Time-stamp: <00/06/23 14:06:32 shriram> + original posting + +[Though this posting is about Common Lisp jobs, the company welcomes + and may consider at an advantage Schemers who are willing to make the + transition to Common Lisp and thus harness skills from both paradigms.] + +Content Integrity is developing Webcentric Change Management products +for Business-to-Business ("B2B") web sites. This is an exciting +newly-funded startup opportunity, equity is available, and candidates +will be responsible for developing state of the art web applications. + +The positions below are described from back-end to front-end. Back +end developers should be bit tweakers who know how to make scalable +high performance data stores on object and/or relational +databases. Front end developers should be top notch web application +developers who know every DHTML and Java applet browser interface +trick in the book. In the middle are people familiar with application +servers and all that goes with it (load balancing, parallelism, and +every socket/security/authentication protocol under the sun). + +Most of the product is coded in Common Lisp and Java, but a variety of +other language and technology skills are required depending on the +position. There are some substantial data modeling and analysis tasks +centered on XML and HTML. The models will be built using our unique +versioned modeling engine. + +The environment is friendly, relatively ego-free, and occasional +telecommuting is okay. "Can-do" people will be rewarded, whether +you're just out of school or you've been doing this work for 20 years. + +The office location is TBD since we're going to get new office space +one way or the other. Currently CII is in Braintree, but we're +considering moving to points north. The commute is traffic-free +(opposite the heavy volume traffic flows). It's 23 minutes from the +route 20 / route 128 intersection, and 20 minutes from Boston. We're +right on the Braintree red line and commuter rail stop. + +Please send resumes to jobs@content-integrity.com. Principals only, +please. + + + General Skills + +* Cross platform, HP/UX, Solaris, Linux, Windows NT. +* C, C++, Common Lisp, Java. +* Understanding revision/version/change/configuration + management principles a big plus. +* Web application development experience. + + Database (2 positions) (C/C++, Common Lisp) + +* Large scale object database work with ObjectStore. +* Low level database representations to achieve optimal + clustering and compaction (including compression) of data. +* Nested and parallel transactions, deadlock avoidance, + transaction restarts, hierarchical lock models. +* Top notch object-relational mapping skills for + deploying relational-db solutions based on complex, high + performance object models. +* Superlative Objectstore and Common Lisp skills to + develop Lisp to ObjectStore interfaces. + + Application Server (3 positions) + (COM, CORBA, JavaBeans, Common Lisp, Java) + +* Load balancing techniques. +* Strong HTTP protocol experience, request forwarding, + secure sockets, SHTTP. +* Compressed and secure data transmissions, + authentication, directory services integration (LDAP). +* Proxy servers and other HTTP oriented cache techniques. +* Microsoft Office Server Extensions APIs. + + XML, HTML model development (2 people) (Common Lisp, Java) + +* Stong knowledge of W3C XML specifications, experience + writing and using XML processors. +* Experience writing HTTP/HTML spiders and analyzing HTML + page content. + + XML, HTML UI development (2 positions) (Common Lisp, Java) + +* Experience developing DHTML and/or Java AWT Applet + based interfaces for presenting structural interfaces for + navigation and presentation of XML and HTML content. + + Web application user interface specialist (1 position) (DHTML, XML) + +* Experience developing state of the art user-friendly + web application interfaces with DHTML for diverse browser + clients. EXPERT with Javascript and all the tools of the + trade for developing elegant and effective web application + interfaces. + +* Ability to design the total navigation scheme for an + application that really flows for non-technical application users. + + Quality Assurance Positions (3 Positions) + + This is not your average QA position. You'll be called + upon to code, script, and work with third party tools + that ensure robust 24x7 mission and data critical web + application operation. + +* Common Lisp and/or cross-platform PERL scripting + experience. +* Experience writing unit tests in Common Lisp and/or + Java. +* Experience writing object-database tests at the API + level (any language) +* Experience with user-agent (browser, http-client) UI + testing. +* CROSS PLATFORM REGRESSION experience a must. Our tests + and test agents must run on Windows NT and Unix equally + well. diff --git a/www/Positions/dartmouth-2004-09-08.txt b/www/Positions/dartmouth-2004-09-08.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04ef8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/dartmouth-2004-09-08.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +We're looking for an experienced Scheme programmer at Darmouth +College's Interactive Media Lab, in Lebanon, New Hampshire: + + http://iml.dartmouth.edu/ + +We're working on two related projects right now: Training software for +first responders, and our underlying multimedia engine, Tamale: + + http://iml.dartmouth.edu/tamale/ + +We need somebody to help out on both projects. Desirable skills +include: + + * Scheme or LISP + * C++ + * Multimedia development + * User interface design + +Contact eric DOT kidd AT dartmouth DOT edu for more information. diff --git a/www/Positions/getdemocracy-2006-12-15.txt b/www/Positions/getdemocracy-2006-12-15.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b3d0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/getdemocracy-2006-12-15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Participatory Culture Foundation makes the open-source video RSS app, +Democracy Player - getdemocracy.com + +We're looking for a top-notch programmer who can work independently, +communicate well, and occasionally step back from the code to +contemplate improvements to program architecture or our development +process. Most of our code is in dynamic languages like Python and +Ruby, so a clear understanding of language concepts is important. +Our developers are fans of Scheme and we think that someone who knows +Lisp / Scheme would make a good candidate for joining our +organization. + +We are a new organization based in Worcester, MA but do not require +that the developer move to Worcester-- you may work remotely. This is +a full-time position working on Democracy Player related projects. + +TO APPLY: Send a short note about why you're interested in working +with us along with a casual resume or description of what your +skills / experience is to jobs@pculture.org. diff --git a/www/Positions/hamilton-2010-04-29.txt b/www/Positions/hamilton-2010-04-29.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ac69b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/hamilton-2010-04-29.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + Functional Programming and Automatic Differentiation + + PhD Studentships + Postdoctoral Positions + +We are adding exact first-class derivative calculation operators +(Automatic Differentiation or AD) to the lambda calculus, and +embodying the combination into a production-quality optimising +compiler. Our research prototype compiler generates object code +competitive with the fastest current systems, which are based on +FORTRAN. We are seeking PhD students and postdocs with interest and +experience in relevant areas: programming language theory, numeric +computing/numeric linear algebra, or differential geometry; and a +burning drive to help lift big iron numeric computing out of the 1960s +and into a newer higher order. Specific sub-projects include: +compiler and numeric programming environment construction; writing, +simplifying, and generalising numeric algorithms through the use of AD +operators; and associated type/lambda calculus/PLT/real computation +issues. + +The project headquarters will be in the Hamilton Institute, NUI +Maynooth, Ireland, http://www.hamilton.ie/. + +Applications to: + "Barak A. Pearlmutter" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/Positions/index.shtml b/www/Positions/index.shtml new file mode 100755 index 0000000..79217b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Positions + + + +

+Though this site does not endorse any particular commercial +organization, we are enthusiastic about the existence of Functional Jobs, which posts +information about jobs that demand functional programmers. Please +take a look at their offerings. (However, note that we have not +vetted their content.) +

+ +

+Here are other known positions; some of these may since have been +filled: + +

+ +

+If you are interested in posting a job advertisement here, please +contact the maintainer! +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Positions/infineon-2005-02-07.txt b/www/Positions/infineon-2005-02-07.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ca63e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/infineon-2005-02-07.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +This is posted on behalf of Infineon Technologies. + +Essential Duties and Responsibilities: + +We're looking for a Software Engineer to join the Silicon Validation +Group in the Optical Networking department (3 months temporary +employment) in San Jose, CA. In this function you will work on the +test automation environment and write test scripts for particular +designs. If required you will also write low level device API's to +simplify the software interface to the design. + +Education & Experience: + +You should possess a B.S. or M.S. degree in Computer Science or +engineering with at least three years of experience + +Additional qualifications include: + +-Knowledge of Scheme, C, Tcl/tk +-Fundamental knowledge of networks and networking technology including + but not limited to SONET/SDH, GFP, VCAT/LCAS, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Fibre + Channel. +-Knowledge of software automation to enable automated testing with + various test equipment. +-Basic knowledge of lab tools like oscilloscopes or logic analyzers. + +In this position you will contribute to the product validation from +the time it's being handed over from the design group to the time it's +been delivered to the customer. Commitment to quality and a desire to +understand the root cause of a problem are key for a validation +engineer. + +Please e-mail your resume to amy.schroyer@infineon.com diff --git a/www/Positions/intranexus-2005-10-03.txt b/www/Positions/intranexus-2005-10-03.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..444672f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/intranexus-2005-10-03.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +JOB DESCRIPTION: + +We are seeking highly motivated and experienced developers to work +with a dynamic group of focused and creative individuals to design and +develop an exciting new product in a fast-paced, sometimes stressful +environment. + +RESPONSIBILITIES: + +Analyze, design, and develop a Java-based, n-tier application software +package. + +EDUCATION: + +Requires Bachelor's degree or technical certification or equivalent +work experience. + +REQUIRED SKILLS: + +. Experience with a functional programming language such as Scheme + or Lisp. +. 5+ years experience in object-oriented development +. 3+ years of strong hands-on development experience in Java + programming, including J2EE platform and design patterns +. Ability to navigate in multiple computing environments + (Solaris, AIX, Linux, Windows) +. Knowledge of Internet and Web technology +. Ability to take initiative, be flexible and work independently or + with a team +. Experience in the development of relational database applications +. Excellent verbal and written communication skills +. Willingness to travel + +DESIRED SKILLS: + +. Experience with XML, XSLT, Hibernate, and JUnit +. Large application development + +Description: + +IntraNexus is a healthcare software development company, working on +the leading edge of technology. + +IntraNexus offers an energetic, team-oriented work environment, +opportunities for career advancement, competitive salaries, and +excellent benefits (health, dental, life, disability, vision, 401k, +retirement, profit sharing, pre-tax reimbursement). + +Please send your resume to bmoore@intranexus.com. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/Positions/isgroup-2004-06-08.txt b/www/Positions/isgroup-2004-06-08.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..142a8ad --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/isgroup-2004-06-08.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +We are looking for a Scheme P/A for a contract or a job with a client +in Miami, FL. The salary level or contract rate will depend on +experience. If you are interested, please send a resume. Mike +Kenneth + +Mike Kenneth +The I.S. Group Inc. +P.O. Box 810773 +Boca Raton, FL 33481-0773 +800 239 0056 + +mkenneth@isgroupinc.com + +http://isgroupinc.com/ diff --git a/www/Positions/lshift-2002-10-16.txt b/www/Positions/lshift-2002-10-16.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36d6edb --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/lshift-2002-10-16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +LShift Vacancies + +http://www.lshift.net/jobs.shtml + +We are looking for developers with proven experience in a 'commercial +environment' to start as soon as possible for a negotiable salary. +Options/equity available for the right people. +Specific Requirements + +At least three of the following areas: + + * Concurrency theory, process calculi, linear logic + * Distributed systems + * Functional programming and logic programming + * Virtual machine implementation + * Compiler implementation + * O/S implementation + * .NET, C#, VC++, COM and Windows in general + * extending MS applications, e.g. VisualStudio, Visio + +General Requirements + +Applicants should be 'all-rounders' with the following basic skill set: + + * Good Unix and Windows experience + * Versed in several (>3) programming languages + +Other areas of experience are likely to include: + + * Databases / SQL + * Web development + * System administration + * IT security + * XML, EJB, Corba + * Apache / IIS + * Version control systems + * IDEs + * CMSs + +Other characteristics we are expecting of applicants: + + * You take responsibility seriously + * You are considered to be opinionated about at least one tech issue + * You are sometimes observed to be laughing without good reason + * You're not the kind of person that will reply complaining about + how unrealistic this job spec is diff --git a/www/Positions/mak-2005-03-30.txt b/www/Positions/mak-2005-03-30.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c09384 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/mak-2005-03-30.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +MAK develops solutions to link, simulate and visualize the virtual +world. We also leverage our experience to provide custom simulation +solutions. MAK builds PC-based leadership trainers, tailored product +enhancements, and custom synthetic environments to meet our customers' +needs. MAK's software products are C++ libraries for simulation +networking, 3D graphics, physics-based simulation, and tactical-map +user interfaces. Our custom simulation solutions and trainers build +upon and expand our product offerings for targeted solutions to +customer problems. Our work also includes research and development in +networking, graphical user interfaces, display management, applied +artificial intelligence, and distributed computing. + +Applied AI Engineer + +We are now looking for an Applied AI Engineer to help us design, +develop and support our simulation software toolkits and applications. +Candidates should have a strong background in practical application of +artificial intelligence theory, methodologies and tools (e.g., +Bayesian belief networks, rule-based systems, intelligent agents), and +should also have strong object-oriented design skills and experience +developing commercial software. + +BSCS, MSCS or equivalent, plus at least 6 years relevant experience. +Significant prior experience developing applications with C++ and Lisp +is required. We have close relationships with our customers, and +therefore good verbal and written communication skills are also +required. + +Experience with one or more of the following is a plus: +- Proposal writing +- Distributed agent architectures, domain specific languages +- Real-time simulation +- C4I system development +- Product quality API development +- Reusable class framework implementation + +Please send resumes via postal or electronic mail ONLY to: Human +Resources, MAK Technologies, Inc., 10 Fawcett St., Cambridge, MA 0213; +E-mail: hr@mak.com Principals only, please. + +MAK is an Equal Opportunity Employer. diff --git a/www/Positions/memetrics-2000-11-16.txt b/www/Positions/memetrics-2000-11-16.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b415b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/memetrics-2000-11-16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +[Editorial Note: The Chief Technology Officer is Ken Dickey, a + long-standing contributor in Lisp and Scheme circles.] + +Subject: International search for Lisp programmers, Memetrics P/L (Sydney, +Australia) + +Memetrics (Sydney, Australia) + +As a result of new product developments and continued growth, +Memetrics is conducting a world-wide search for software engineers +experienced in Lisp or other functional programming languages and +related technologies. + +Memetrics is a group of leading international engineers, scientists, +and business professionals who are working together to implement a +range of radically new presentation optimization systems using +Lisp. We have attracted substantial private and government funding and +our first product, XOS, was launched in San Francisco this week. For +more company details, see our website, www.memetrics.com + +Because we're a young organization, you will have an excellent +opportunity to have an impact on the evolution of the company. We +offer a great work environment full of interesting and challenging +problems. + +Required Experience and Skills + +Ideally you will possess at least three years experience in an object +oriented development environment. Exposure to Lisp and CORBA in a +commercial setting would be advantageous. Candidates should be +comfortable using Unix and/or NT. Successful candidates also must +have excellent communication skills, and be willing to work closely +within a tight-knit team. Experience with SQL would also be helpful. + +Salary + +Compensation is based on skills and previous experience in addition to +a generous pre-IPO stock option package. Australian and overseas +applicants will be considered. Come to the city of which Lonely Planet +says "...you would have to die and go to heaven before you see a more +spectacular setting for a city." + +Please send resumes to jobs@memetrics.com diff --git a/www/Positions/merced-systems-2004-05-13.txt b/www/Positions/merced-systems-2004-05-13.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65cf12d --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/merced-systems-2004-05-13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Merced Systems is looking for senior level developers who are familiar +with Scheme and are excited to be developing with Scheme in a product +development environment. + +We are looking for developers who can join Merced's development team +in designing and building our expanding product line. + +This is a classic software development position within a product +company. As such, the main skill desired is the ability to solve +extremely complex problems in a short amount of time in a way that is +harmonious with our overarching design and strategy. You must be very +creative and very hard working with an excellent design sense. We are +also looking for an individual with a phenomenal implementation +ability. + +We are located in beautiful Redwood Shores, CA just south of San +Francisco. + +Please send your resume to tech-jobs@mercedsystems.com with only "Lead +Developer Application" in the title of the email. Please send your +resume in one of the following formats: Plain ASCII, PDF, or HTML +only. Thank you. + +See http://www.mercedsystems.com/careers.html for more details. diff --git a/www/Positions/nasa-ames-2000-5-31.txt b/www/Positions/nasa-ames-2000-5-31.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68a5401 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/nasa-ames-2000-5-31.txt @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +[This posting is NO LONGER OPEN. However, you may want to keep an + eye on future openings at NASA Ames.] + +Newsgroups: comp.lang.scheme +Organization: NASA/Raytheon +Message-ID: <8h3q7i$mgk$1@nnrp1.deja.com> +From: K. Michael Dalal +Subject: Subject: Scheme job at NASA (repost) +Date: Wed, 31 May 2000 19:47:01 GMT + +Note: This is a reposting of an ad that appeared last week, with a few +modifications. + +We are currently seeking a software engineer who enjoys doing creative, +intellectually challenging work as part of a team of engineers and +researchers. This position is with Raytheon at the NASA Ames Research +Center, located in Mountain View, CA. + +The selected individual will support the development of an innovative 3D +simulation software package that allows designers to incorporate Human +Factors principals into crewstation designs. + +The software, developed on a Unix platform, is primarily coded in C++, +but its core cognitive models are written in Scheme using functional and +object-oriented approaches. We are in need of a strong Lisp/Scheme +programmer to develop new cognitive models, as well as enhance the +existing ones. This is a focused position offering extremely +interesting work for someone who loves Lisp and has an interest in +cognitive science or AI. In addition, the position offers the +opportunity to work with a team of cognitive modelers in developing new +models and defining new directions for research, development and +application of the software. + +This position requires: + - excellent verbal and written communication skills + - expertise in Scheme or Lisp + - familiarity with functional and object-oriented programming + - good working knowledge of C++ or C + - creativity, enthusiasm, self-motivation, team player + - BS degree or higher in relevant field (or equivalent knowledge) + - US Citizenship or Permanent Residency + +Desired are: + - background/interest in cognitive science, human factors, or AI + - experience with language design and implementation (interpreters) + - experience in developing graphical user interfaces + - experience developing software on a Unix platform + - graduate degree + +If interested please respond to Mike Dalal. Send email to the address +formed by concatenating my last name, the "at" sign, and +"eos.arc.nasa.gov". I prefer ascii, though ps, html, pdf, and word are +fine. You may also send postal mail: + + NASA Ames Research Center + MS 262-12 + Moffett Field, CA 94035 + +or FAX: 650-604-0801 diff --git a/www/Positions/octanti-2003-01-28.txt b/www/Positions/octanti-2003-01-28.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65874a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/octanti-2003-01-28.txt @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +[This posting is NO LONGER OPEN. However, you may want to keep an + eye on future openings at this organization.] + +Octanti Associate GmbH is looking for excellent hackers. + +The job is extending equity derivative systems at a bank in Munich. This job +requires relocation to Munich. German language skills are absolutely +unnecessary. + +Much of the current work involves modifying a legacy system so that it can +be used with dynamic languages, particular Common Lisp. New projects will be +as independent of the legacy system as is technically and practically +feasible. For performance reasons (and due to the advanced state of Common +Lisp implementations), these will likely be done in Common Lisp. + +We expect, in the next year, to do interesting work with parallel +programming and partial evaluation (and likely CAML). + +This job requires a lot rigorous methods (e.g. program transformation), +abstract thinking and problem solving, working with other systems (e.g. +Excel, legacy systems), and lots of hacking. Much of the existing code is +C++. In production, where the users use the legacy system, there is no +development environment. + +This is a very unique and challenging job -- a very stimulating and +rewarding one -- for someone who likes programming and computation. In order +to do our job (e.g. help traders make money) we must use advanced techniques +in a difficult environment. But advanced techniques are used only when they +are likely to pay off -- things are very much "worse is better." + +Particularly difficult: we make lots of small changes to our systems, and +these must not break anything. We have to make (informal) proofs of +correctness -- appropriate to the risks -- to make sure that things will +very likely work. Also, we have limited ability to control our +software/hardware environment. + +Good experience would include: embedded systems work, compiler work, +numerically intensive programming, parallel processing, correctness proofs, +extending systems like Scheme-48 or working in PreScheme. + +We have a lisp-flavored ad at www.franz.com. + +If you are interested, please send me information about yourself: + +heath.putnam@octanti.com diff --git a/www/Positions/oxford-2008-04-03.txt b/www/Positions/oxford-2008-04-03.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f768d51 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/oxford-2008-04-03.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Position: 3 LISP Developers +Location: Cambridge, MA +Length: 9+ months +Skills: +(1) Strong LISP Background +(2) Airline experience +(3) Has experience working with large teams on complex projects (50+ppl) + +** If has Airline experience, but no LISP - will consider. If has LISP +and no airline exp - will consider. + +Must also have excellent communication skills with the team and +product management. + +Duties: Fix bugs and work on new features. + +Client is in development phase and has additional releases coming out. + +Contact: + +Roger Neild +Oxford & Associates + a division of On Assignment +155 West Street Suite 7 +Wilmington, MA 01887 + +978.284.6290 FAX +roger_neild@oxfordcorp.com +www.oxfordcorp.com diff --git a/www/Positions/readytalk-2007-01-20.txt b/www/Positions/readytalk-2007-01-20.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec3b1ac --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/readytalk-2007-01-20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +We are a Web and audio conferencing company in Denver, Colorado. +We're looking for talented, enthusiastic software developers who +can thrive in a fast-paced environment. + +We're not a "Scheme shop", but rather a "best-tool-for-the-job +shop". Those tools include Java, C++, Perl, Bash, Scheme, PHP, +and other languages. The existing codebase is primarily Java. +We develop for several platforms (Windows, OSX, Linux, Solaris, +etc.), producing both end-user software and backend systems, with +emphasis on performance and reliability. + +We're looking for talent more than specific skills, but we +consider the following most valuable: + + * Experience with several languages + * Experience with large-scale and high-performance networking + * GUI design and implementation skills + * Low-level Windows programming skills + * Experience with open source and free software + * Experience with web application systems and protocols + * Advanced database programming skills + +Above all else, candidates should love learning new things and sharing +them with others. + +Details are available here: + + http://readytalk.com/about-us/careers-3.html + +Applicants will find a written interview available on that page. In +addition, please answer the following: What is +call-with-current-continuation, and in what ways can it be used? + +Please email your resume and answers to jobs.schemers@readytalk.com. + +Thanks for your interest. diff --git a/www/Positions/rider-2000-6-19.txt b/www/Positions/rider-2000-6-19.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4c14cb --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/rider-2000-6-19.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Time-stamp: <00/06/19 18:21:32 shriram> + +Longterm contract opportunity with a B2B in Mountain View California. We +need a consultant who has experience with Scheme. You will help our +customers migrate from scheme to javascript. + +Requirements: +-Ability to read and convert Scheme +-Javascript +-Solid communication skills + + +If there are any questions or concerns, please let me know. + +Thanks in advance +George Rider +Technical Recruiter +Consultants Online +6130 Stoneridge Mall Road Suite 105 +Pleasanton, CA 94588 +grider@consultantsonline.net +(925) 734-1944 x 105 diff --git a/www/Positions/streamtech-2007-11-12.txt b/www/Positions/streamtech-2007-11-12.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..962c43f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/streamtech-2007-11-12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Lispers & Schemers wanted at Streamtech (The Netherlands) + +This ad has been superceded by a newer one: + +http://www.schemers.org/Positions/streamtech-2008-09-11.txt diff --git a/www/Positions/streamtech-2008-09-11.txt b/www/Positions/streamtech-2008-09-11.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..1ef5b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/streamtech-2008-09-11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Lispers & Schemers wanted at Streamtech (The Netherlands) + + +* About us + +Streamtech is a young development company in The Netherlands. We are +continuously looking for programming talent, in the form of both +fulltime employees and interns. We spend our time building complex +web applications using mainly Common Lisp. Notably, we offer the Bitt +suite of online profiling software. + + +* Who we're looking for + +Programming to you is not just a job but a hobby. You've been +programming for fun for years. + +You have at least some experience with Lisp or Scheme. + +You like the net. + +You're not blind to practical demands, but you relish doing things the +right way. When something seems to work but you're not sure how or +why, you bang your head against it until you understand. + +You love exploring interesting new languages, concepts and approaches. + +Having played with Haskell, Smalltalk, Prolog, Erlang, or other +interesting languages gets you bonus points. The same goes for +language/compiler implementation, kernel hacking, crypto and other +interesting activities. + +Finally, you are willing to relocate to the The Hague area. + + +* What we offer + +A challenging, fun job in a great team that does not think Java, OOP +and XML are the answer to every question. + + +* How to apply + +Please send your resume to jobs@streamtech.nl. Include at least one +piece of code you wrote somewhat recently. A good way to get your +resume noticed would be to solve one or more of the problems on +http://streamtech.nl/site/problem+set in your language of choice and +send us the code. + + +* International applicants + +We love receiving international applicants. Unfortunately, however, +strict immigration laws make it impossible for us to hire fulltime +employees from outside the EU. +Note that this restriction does not apply for interns. + diff --git a/www/Positions/transmeta-2001-12-17.txt b/www/Positions/transmeta-2001-12-17.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbe6858 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Positions/transmeta-2001-12-17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Newsgroups: comp.lang.scheme,comp.lang.lisp +Subject: Scheme Related Job (Transmeta) +From: Jason Wilson +Message-ID: +Organization: Transmeta Corporation +Date: 17 Dec 2001 19:01:31 -0800 + +We're looking for an experienced Scheme or Lisp programmer to work on +advanced tools used in all areas of microprocessor development. +Currently, we are finishing a 30,000 line Scheme program which is a +central part of our verification effort. + +You should have strong programming skills, a love of functional +programming (and being an Emacs user won't hurt you a bit), a quick +mind, some architecture or compiler experience, automation experience, +and experience developing software in other languages besides Scheme +or Lisp (because Scheme or Lisp aren't right for every job that we +will ask you to do). If you run away from things you don't +understand, this job isn't for you. + +Pluses would be knowledge of Verilog and CAD tools, assembly language +programming experience, performance analysis, and advanced +verification systems. + +All resumes should be in ASCII text. + +Please send resumes directly to: jason_aaron_wilson@yahoo.com diff --git a/www/Research/index.shtml b/www/Research/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c49bd2f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Research/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Research + + + +This page will list various research efforts that use Scheme as one of +the underlying objects of study. Current efforts cover the following +areas (amongst others): + +

modular programming +
object-oriented programming +
type systems and program verification +
concurrent and distributed programming +
macros +
efficient compilation strategies and optimizations +
integration with other languages +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/Tutorials/index.shtml b/www/Tutorials/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3967bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Tutorials/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Tutorials + + + +There are many fine introductory +textbooks from which you can learn the principles and pragmatics +of programming in Scheme. If you're looking for a Web-based tutorial, +we recommend How +to Design Programs published by MIT Press. + + + + diff --git a/www/Uses/index.shtml b/www/Uses/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ec912f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Uses/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Scheme at Work + + + +

+This page will list some of the large-scale uses of Scheme, in both +commercial applications and prominent free software. +

+ +

The GIMP is an image +manipulation program freely redistributable under the GNU Public Licence. It +provides extensive scripting capabilities via +an embedded Scheme interpreter, allowing users to create images +procedurally from a Scheme program.

+ +

The Scheme window manager, scwm, is a window manager for +X-Windows written in Guile. Users can configure Scwm by writing +Scheme code.

+ +

GNOME AisleRiot uses Scheme for most of its programming. +(Reported by Shlomi Fish (shlomif@vipe.technion.ac.il).)

+ +

The +Festival speech synthesis package probably uses Scheme; at +least, that's what its command line interface uses. +(Reported by Nathan Valentine nrvale0@pop.uky.edu.)

+ +

The +Sawfish window manager is written in Lisp. +(Reported by Nathan Valentine nrvale0@pop.uky.edu.)

+ + + + + diff --git a/www/Wares/index.shtml b/www/Wares/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4b16a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/Wares/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Wares + + + +

+Several people have created Scheme-related loot; here are some +samples: +

+(got-scheme-?) +
+t-shirts from Gary Leavens's course +

+ + + + diff --git a/www/favicon.ico b/www/favicon.ico new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b04678 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/favicon.ico differ diff --git a/www/index.shtml b/www/index.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe2d067 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/index.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ + + + + + + +Welcome to schemers.org! + + + +

+ + + + +

+ +(welcome '(schemers . org)) + +

+ +

+ + + + +

I intend this but for a Scheme of a larger Design.
+ --Woodward, Nat. Hist. Earth, 1723

+ +

+News Items and Announcements +

+ +

+Please check out the Scheme workshops from +2014, +2015, +2016 +(with videos), +2017 +(with videos), +2018 +(with videos), +and +2019 +(with videos). +

+ +

+Manuel Serrano was invited to give a seminar on Hop to +the +Collège de France. +

+ +

+Now that both +R6RS +and +R7RS Small +have been ratified, work has begun on +R7RS Large. +

+ +

+Blogspace is alive with good Scheme articles. +See Planet Scheme! +You can also find some articles +linked from here. +

+ +

+Check out the Scheme Meetup site. +

+ +

+The Regular Fare +

+ +

+ + + + +

+ +

(case (what-would-you-like-to-do?)
+  ((learn)
+   (choose-from FAQ
+                textbooks
+                videos
+                blogs
+                standards
+                tutorials
+                other documents
+                education))
+  ((program)
+   (choose-from implementations
+                libraries
+                environments
+                Reqests for Implementation (SRFI)))
+  ((socialize)
+   (choose-from ABQ Lisp/Scheme - Albuquerque, NM, USA
+                Bay Area Lisp & Scheme - Bay Area, CA, USA (videos)
+                Boston Lisp Announce - Boston, MA, USA
+                Scheme UK - London, UK
+                munich-lisp - Munich, Germany
+                CRACL - Los Angeles, CA, USA
+                Lambdaheads - Vienna, Austria
+                FringeDC - Washington, DC, USA))
+  ((work)
+   (choose-from jobs))
+  ((stay-informed)
+   (choose-from events))
+  (else
+   (choose-from the lighter side
+                wares
+                other resources)))

+ +

+(If you're looking for the fine folks of Schemers Inc., they're at +www.schemers.com.) +

+ + + + + diff --git a/www/logo-contrib.mbox b/www/logo-contrib.mbox new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34211f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/logo-contrib.mbox @@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@ +From VM Thu Dec 2 16:13:48 1999 +X-VM-Message-Order: + (1 2 5 6 3 4 7 8) +X-VM-Summary-Format: "%n %*%a %-17.17F %-3.3m %2d %4l/%-5c %I\"%s\"\n" +X-VM-Labels: nil +X-VM-VHeader: ("Resent-" "From:" "Sender:" "To:" "Apparently-To:" "Cc:" "Subject:" "Date:") nil +X-VM-Last-Modified: (14932 59282 19853) +X-VM-POP-Retrieved: nil +X-VM-Bookmark: 1 +Content-Length: 3982 +Status: RO +X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil t nil nil nil nil] + ["3982" "Thu" "2" "December" "1999" "14:07:54" "-0800" "Maria Smith" "maria@axiomweb.com" "<10588.991202@axiomweb.com>" "66" "logo" "^From:" nil nil "12" "1999120222:07:54" "logo" nil nil nil] + nil) +Return-Path: +Received: from srfi.schemers.org (srfi.schemers.org [128.42.6.206]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id QAA14742 + for ; Thu, 2 Dec 1999 16:05:52 -0600 (CST) +Received: from smtpout.telus.net (smtpout.telus.net [207.194.28.79]) + by srfi.schemers.org (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id QAA01033 + for ; Thu, 2 Dec 1999 16:05:49 -0600 (CST) +Received: from zelda (00-a0-c9-85-6a-46.bconnected.net [209.53.6.97]) + by smtpout.telus.net (8.9.1a/8.9.1) with ESMTP id OAA12496 + for ; Thu, 2 Dec 1999 14:05:41 -0800 (PST) +X-Mailer: The Bat! (v1.36) S/N 3AA035D6 +Reply-To: maria +Organization: Axiom Web Design +X-Priority: 3 (Normal) +Message-ID: <10588.991202@axiomweb.com> +Mime-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----------CFFE24E151DE81" +From: Maria Smith +To: shriram@srfi.schemers.org +Subject: logo +Date: Thu, 2 Dec 1999 14:07:54 -0800 + +------------CFFE24E151DE81 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +Hello Shriram, + + I was visiting your site and noticed you were looking for a new + logo. Here's a modified version of what I will be using on my new + site learn-to-program.com (due out hopefully in January). + + I guess since I'm writing you now I might as well ask if it's okay + to link to schemers.org and what you would prefer the description + to be. (Right now it's "A current and informative site") + + +maria +------------CFFE24E151DE81 +Content-Type: image/png; name="schemers.png" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="schemers.png" + +iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJYAAABcCAMAAAC7rLwCAAAAYFBMVEWw78DdyfDk7+jy9/X////J +7c3ertedj/iU4aCs5bSM0YzqlKpl4ITCVqKUTtxXV/95INJwEM9mAMwoKP8REf8BAf9C2WhtxW0b +0UlPuE8AzDMqqioMngzaSm7XN2DUKlUvoH9aAAAACXBIWXMAAAsSAAALEgHS3X78AAAACXRFWHRD +b21tZW50AACJKo0GAAAImUlEQVR4nM1ai5bqKgxVENuiy7fWttT+/19eAn2EJHWcOTpzWWfNmaEt +bHY2IQQWK7FoI9e/uygl1y+kSp3f80+CmYqpt1qql2AV9/o2M4p3F72t74VQz2HpW30XOfxMAQ44 +YQyA8a/9krDGDu+sQwqrqCXwHy3mVtfUkATW9vdRednc65pMsRSWR3X/dVTBjvU2qUlg5XVdc11l ++7diWO75wE1N+MKwvK4IaGjlfMneCkvvhQa9mRJ9IVhAJTNhdhUG949lz9sEeWFDLdInZEZo38K7 +Qa1grJclqQJLIU4mWMDjnaA6z6DStNXZIr/ocVFDei9R3zgsUB2ZpnOodHZcvwrrsBOXsex6JbiA +rnpEM/wSTFinJj9fL5KulofDy2St9O4kzpg9s+Mdm3GABb6BTMM9G1Eo2Wn3rUkgv7+80DFvsbl6 +WJGsxIl5ns9CL7vT7jugfFmfDgIu33yqkKCiga4eSSArsaG+iGTtxD6el+x05N/w9u+IrggrknXD +L3kTCsrKTieuK71BM2Cz4bgO0ligg6StLaIrwopk4Xm4vFKSoaxPgoCXbYJk07K5tzwJlmc9LBCI +CCuQlSyHfizchvoomGPzIDDWHXMfO2k4Z98FpksHEPcJVsSJpQVDubKGpNY3HSOH41Kn04m9tqd0 +IXICrC3COfNJwHriytp0gpY2DNdBMGN2JXTd6tFLLSaYSPEwTTgsT9aBIu1ajmqlHx2BnwkjChbB +7OcTOwDL1FTxGf0iNHNiNtQt1xGUTdemGgQrMrpg7Ng1FvVoxcWIEkcPe8ovFE/WiYDYdA/Ri+mO +2vYg0EV7QfQArNuEEo2DKh4GTHTre4821JWrEnxt16V4dwJde2KTOBWDmABWlFY9dRmsfiGNgDyO +adWm621YOecq8iSlS/g6SgUruB7F5WGp+Ff95P2Z8T666B1Uo1bWYSaXXfdIXgVhUitmdPQTP4vR +pAjWXoJ1YrDWXdeFX3KQZWnxs65LJ0OARSZMMMoVGXtS02JUPHJbEiyh3c0graDKIrFiS63IR9XD +QhTeRs1PsJDbolqEknFYbZd4LffkWYRFxKWfwtoyWNc5WKk4upSRBq+p7WDgoRzh+7RJ1k9P0DbA +ur0Ea8dg6RSWbrC4vIFTF8G/n4V1+ydYyxSWTVwEwEre/itYjWv+h7By1zTIc30C1uUHsBpXVmhV +/QQsyW99IfncOWXLFNZrkkd1CSzuICRYgt/qkG/yZK0M0vyGOogddxDMnSYOIn9pTXzuToGsxKG+ +4k4jLFSRC16ewiJ7V3nxGdZjICtxqC8vPribxMvzpZoNQ25Xjfoxgay4WseDia5Ltx5KWKqZUZKl +eghsUDNnIToFcZBQvh1mWxVdaQGeKwfKltSGs4ENhnrDgc0Q5qAlTQqaM67ZdW8pT1b4WLtSq+C9 +XgoDWS/3MZRBQTNKjLBNyao3A4HaRk6qYd0phyi1pUF+JgTNZ6rgySWgLUZOvpDCU7LFWAcFaWt7 +piGmh191R3dEwhZD07GrCQfakOHsViYE80thwK20ew0bMgJB+Db0gTk1k5jk7Wvcvwo7MioPv1EV +dmT6Qfdp65n9WGIRsn0d/DwdirR/ZdmFh7CtbummGkbEdq9nMZOENvuIvaEAXSwZKDWuHsyMPDWi +Z/b66cBv08zDiaQkKZ8JVtQHIfGiWoJr82CZuUxI9fC83mTDHlbBNB8+k3I2PH+mNzjhoNuWqU0f ++Wc8SWmQP8BJyvSwYHnhdIF0hVzIEtWtheS4lHBlKd0kf5ukdNUXHwZcx9eT8k++8WSdCdQbsliS +ACdnjfyoYTWXzn5WlkdhJPy4QGNmkuOCW/oiyIs3uD5+4xAjoDrw85WZwyh6XNBTSM84ha/91Nu9 +fuQDk1DI7kvtAgB2uBLnATvkzC4CrtW3jqKk769nVquSaGEKG3Iu+hUcvkpnGf90cKeFY87o4oWD +u8giowsIe/NZ9ZlTFckSjzlX6i6oC9p571m13NytnjkUjvKik/GXCj3aT87qxKN9Y0vr/330eoSm +FyHS6xkFXbBVWeUBUN58Etft6fUMikuX1Whvh7JX775FtWVGold/4DLEgEs3U1LButH0tnnzjSWO +il+UUtP9oGbKKeQoedU09Jt/Klq4kCTddhvAWzfSVrqJIeNK/s3Pi3xfTLrX1r9ZDbD8NgvZrXTS +rbkfFr1lccssLG8zuLJYTcnQAon8rTY09VacPzO3AOGCZ+Gc5U/UW234rQueffFbdw4BTckPlmew +vKYc86KV+43rcM+vcnq+qJNKD+g+Vb64YZo7lxqtkPT2/vLVxVfTpLhK9yv3d7+8jwu4kB2/7x7s +T5aqr68Jq6aXkzHg4q13HlH02sQUoI73xdWQ44rVqp/9idWVUfgZvCuT/8LtZe+//E9bGdto60xu +A2O6bApbBasW1jsSWwZvMlRXzSq+V04+xlSlafLpmamsySvRDb5yqRpgleAplLehKVaNg+jCVxQO +rGqMdr5DDaQO1d7pWmP948KOLsbA0m+dGp6VMMmtHF++AEv76MGOOVvruwQ2vPQh8IE+/HytCv/D +TtX+j2JV5l5YenTJDcyW0tMdn5UuiELWqgSLmBsiiV7puSt18PMALa9yqKm076sHOlaXUVFKT44u +IvDY4jMYLDhseSkTYJWNxcByj8L0bZfgLHzLunBeFysNYGJN6EaZobqJfgQoho6Nj3JhtsC4+mfh +Ty/IQktWFGBZv+ZUeY+sqKrItdZFT5prVKmaSmsLiLx0QgTmuzFW99V9TAb/FZCnD8GIt62Xl+6f +eWKL0kvRiO5Z1pafbmVloRR6QOe1qWwRYFsYf1XCPIffi0qFuL8Yq4t+D2CrMuxQgC2/XbFebeiZ +1YqtbU9h/VJR1Vw48pewiryZW8r+EFaeq9lw5O9gea1bN7de/h2sKtnxkfKXsMz8Pvg/6IZ2itxW +i7sAAAAASUVORK5CYII= +------------CFFE24E151DE81-- + +From VM Fri Jun 23 21:28:27 2000 +X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil t nil nil nil nil] + [nil nil nil nil nil nil nil "Joe Broderick" "Joe.Broderick@worldnet.att.net" "<003701bfdc80$0ebf35c0$5566480c@max>" nil "logo" "^From:" nil nil nil "2000062219:28:33" "logo" nil nil nil] + nil) +Content-Length: 2989 +Status: RO +Return-Path: +Received: from mtiwmhc23.worldnet.att.net (mtiwmhc23.worldnet.att.net [204.127.131.48]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id OAA20261 + for ; Thu, 22 Jun 2000 14:27:41 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from max ([12.72.102.85]) by mtiwmhc23.worldnet.att.net + (InterMail vM.4.01.02.39 201-229-119-122) with SMTP + id <20000622192739.YKSP3646.mtiwmhc23.worldnet.att.net@max> + for ; Thu, 22 Jun 2000 19:27:39 +0000 +Message-ID: <003701bfdc80$0ebf35c0$5566480c@max> +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/alternative; + boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0034_01BFDC45.61756180" +X-Priority: 3 +X-MSMail-Priority: Normal +X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 5.00.2615.200 +X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.2615.200 +From: "Joe Broderick" +To: +Subject: logo +Date: Thu, 22 Jun 2000 12:28:33 -0700 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format. + +------=_NextPart_000_0034_01BFDC45.61756180 +Content-Type: text/plain; + charset="iso-8859-1" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable + +logo could be a man with a brief case. (like school Xing sign) + +IBM tryed to use Charlie Chaplan years ago the market=20 +changed and few remember what Chaplan has to do with +computers. + +like a road sign that represents a school crossing is familiar +to most, that is a yellow sign with a couple of kids with large round +heads is an affective way of saying that we should slow down and=20 +not run over the children. + +My idea for a logo for schemer.org could be similar, in that those +who are educators of scheme are concerned about the progeny and those +educated in scheme are shown to be supported. The man with a briefcase +is moving with a healthy stride is indicative of progressive and the = +briefcase +gives the idea of being effective and successful. =20 + +------=_NextPart_000_0034_01BFDC45.61756180 +Content-Type: text/html; + charset="iso-8859-1" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable + + + + + + + + +

logo could be a man with a brief case. = +(like school=20 +Xing sign)

IBM tryed to use Charlie Chaplan years = +ago the=20 +market

changed and few remember what Chaplan = +has to do=20 +with

computers.

like a road sign that represents a = +school=20 +crossing is familiar

to most, that is a yellow sign with a = +couple of=20 +kids with large round

heads is an affective way of saying = +that we should=20 +slow down and

not run over the children.

My idea for a logo for = +schemer.org could=20 +be similar, in that those

who are educators of scheme are = +concerned about the=20 +progeny and those

educated in scheme are shown to be=20 +supported. The man with a briefcase

is moving with a healthy stride is = +indicative=20 +of progressive and the briefcase

gives the idea of being effective and=20 +successful.

+ +------=_NextPart_000_0034_01BFDC45.61756180-- +From VM Sun Jul 23 12:17:03 2000 +Content-Length: 8617 +Status: RO +X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil t nil t nil nil] + ["8617" "Sun" "23" "July" "2000" "07:55:30" "-0400" "Alexander Staubo" "alex@mop.no" "" "130" "Schemers.org logo" "^From:" nil nil "7" "2000072311:55:30" "Schemers.org logo" nil nil nil] + nil) +Return-Path: +Received: from srfi.schemers.org (srfi.schemers.org [128.42.6.206]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id GAA00549 + for ; Sun, 23 Jul 2000 06:57:40 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from faust.mop.no (faust.mop.no [194.63.250.43]) + by srfi.schemers.org (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id GAA02743 + for ; Sun, 23 Jul 2000 06:57:36 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from magnolia (hidden-user@nas-213-237.nyc-t.navipath.net [64.20.213.237]) + by faust.mop.no (8.9.3/8.8.7) with SMTP id OAA11047 + for ; Sun, 23 Jul 2000 14:17:16 +0200 +Message-ID: +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/mixed; + boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF47B.5F6E92A0" +X-Priority: 3 (Normal) +X-MSMail-Priority: Normal +X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2910.0) +Importance: Normal +X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 +From: "Alexander Staubo" +To: +Subject: Schemers.org logo +Date: Sun, 23 Jul 2000 07:55:30 -0400 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format. + +------=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF47B.5F6E92A0 +Content-Type: text/plain; + charset="iso-8859-1" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +Hi, + +Attached to this email please find my logo proposal. Feel free to +use it. It is simply a rendering of a font called Rubino Sans +ICG; let me know if you would like me to send it to you. + +Cheers, + +--A. + +------=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF47B.5F6E92A0 +Content-Type: image/png; + name="schemers-logo.png" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: attachment; + filename="schemers-logo.png" + +iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAd8AAABRCAMAAACkE1x2AAAABGdBTUEAAK/INwWK6QAAABl0RVh0 +U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgSW1hZ2VSZWFkeXHJZTwAAABdUExURb+/v+/v70VFRZqamhEREc/Pz9/f +36qqqmZmZjExMSEhIVVVVXZ2dmdnZ4yMjExMTKenp7Ozs39/fzQ0NJubmxkZGVhYWHNzcw0NDSUl +JUBAQIqKiru7uwAAAP///7z1B2sAABZLSURBVHjaYpCjKmCEs9jkRsEgAAABxEBd42TgLOnRsB0M +ACCARuN3eAOAAKJm/LJJS8sigIzMaBE98AAggKicf2XhGVl2NGwHAwAIoNH4Hd4AIIBG43d4A4AA +Go3f4Q0AAmg0foc3AAig0fgd3gAggEbjd3gDgAAajd/hDQACaDR+hzcACKDR+B3eACCARuN3eAOA +ABqN3+ENAAJoNH6HNwAIIIril43I+CVuIomRGItkCJpK5KwVHttksJslQ/XAZ6OWG9iwaIOIAQQQ +RfErQ2T8ypBpGhYpaYLqZeQotU0auyLqz2hTzQ0yWLRBxAACCEv8ssoAASPhDCAjI42hDFv8smJR 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12:17:08 2000 +Content-Length: 6364 +Status: RO +X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil t nil t nil nil] + ["6364" "Sun" "23" "July" "2000" "11:09:21" "-0400" "Alexander Staubo" "alex@mop.no" "" "130" "RE: Schemers.org logo" "^From:" nil nil "7" "2000072315:09:21" "Schemers.org logo" nil "<14715.578.590520.184424@sun.cs.rice.edu>" nil] + nil) +Return-Path: +Received: from faust.mop.no (faust.mop.no [194.63.250.43]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id KAA01564 + for ; Sun, 23 Jul 2000 10:10:23 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from magnolia (hidden-user@nas-213-237.nyc-t.navipath.net [64.20.213.237]) + by faust.mop.no (8.9.3/8.8.7) with SMTP id RAA11367 + for ; Sun, 23 Jul 2000 17:31:08 +0200 +Message-ID: +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/mixed; + boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF496.73C279E0" +X-Priority: 3 (Normal) +X-MSMail-Priority: Normal +X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2910.0) +Importance: Normal +In-Reply-To: <14715.578.590520.184424@sun.cs.rice.edu> +X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 +From: "Alexander Staubo" +To: +Subject: RE: Schemers.org logo +Date: Sun, 23 Jul 2000 11:09:21 -0400 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format. + +------=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF496.73C279E0 +Content-Type: text/plain; + charset="us-ascii" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +> Finally, a logo proposal that I like! + +Thanks :) + +> A few questions: +> +> 1. Your logo is much larger than the current one. Is +> it possible to +> generate one of size 104x44 (or close to)? If I simply specify +> scaling in the HTML, it comes out pretty badly (and +> not all browsers +> scale, anyway). + +Hey, anything is possible. ;) + +However, at 104x44, the logo becomes little more than a smudge +and the schematic guide liness, which I have used as a +not-very-subtle metaphor for the concept of a "scheme", virtually +disappear. With his design, I am afraid the lowest you should go +is 250x162. + +While you digest this information, I am including a less pretty, +but decidedly more scaleable design that you can try out. ;) + +> 2. Is .PNG enough a standard format? Or can you +> generate a GIF/JPG? + +I think PNG is quite usable these days, PNG tends to be +controversial mostly in the handling of alpha (transparency) +information. GIF is the only viable alternative if you really +want to be on the safe side. JPEG is useful for photographic +images only. + +> 3. Any ideas for color? Perhaps use the PLT disc for +> the `o', or +> something along those lines? + +That I can do (see attached images). Of course, at your requested +size, even the disc becomes almost unrecognizable. + +> I suppose if you sent us the font, assuming this is +> okay, we could do +> some of these things ourself. + +I shall send you both the font and the master PhotoShop file once +we are in agreement. ;) + +--A. + +------=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF496.73C279E0 +Content-Type: image/gif; + name="schemersv2-1.gif" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: attachment; + filename="schemersv2-1.gif" + +R0lGODlh+gAsAOYAAEVFRbu7u+/v75qamhERETExMWZmZiEhId/f36qqqv8AAFVVVc/PzwAA/3Z2 +dv/29hka/1lb//8REf/Cwqqv//+Li/78/P3//P+zs8TE9/37+/Ds+v7+/v/e1Pn5/f97e2do//9N +Tf8QEP+wsP8yMhYW/yoq/lNX///Y0/HQ0Fhb/xgb/5aW8oiI9bGy+v81M/+goAIB/w4ODmJs/2lp ++vqenv5ISP1MTP/SyRwcvP/8/PH9/8HP/9/f9f+1tf8TE/379P+Mf9UgIPuAgv86Ov9OTv+Hh/8B +AP8UFP9RUf8ICP9taP8PD////v9VU4qH8v9eXv+1p5qa8srW/+Tk9f8FBQ8PD/7LyvTNzf8GBtfX ++f9cXPKEhP7+//AoNP8wK/38/P9SR1hY9m5u9v90dPR8fLvJ/4qKigAAAP///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAA +AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5 +BAAAAAAALAAAAAD6ACwAQAf/gGmCg4SFhoeIiAkEaACJj5CRkpOUlZaXmJmakgEDZ5+gnwOQCQYA +p6cLAwKGZ2ivggOmqAALZ6yks7S3hgKfAWmltAbAhAEOw6OPwrQAvIW+Z8XMqLa4hZ2hocqY1KnP +hNHTut/XhN614IKur8WU7GjuiACvjmnw8of0jeuv8ZAF6vWDhSiAP26G/Dnzl89QQH73GEbCt6kQ +xUf77F18tHGeQEoGDg5EwykALniRMo68hLKgREQKW1aSWVFQyFcIEdH0CHGnTn8pBcLzR5RogYaC +FhVdesYiUEgqw51htJSoPJ+DDLZL5M/BIF9Uq24dhLWV2KVHB/1QwFZCki8b/1Y0aGBikNKzDsxF +JDjprlgHD+3VHEy4sOHDiBNDEhCgsePGDsIS0Ks4UdnKmDNr3pxpgT8DlB9pxXlo9OSRpA0N8Hda +EAPWCUqzPknUALR9/grohWfv9SsCsQ2Zpk00pyDGrDy/Ak3YdHBss1GjMZ4GeRrnsn9fY/Dw7IF8 +ly0/xfjxcoCwXle6HHso5njh6Mm+h8T97Kvv7+brK6//UHhBUU0CT1Np+AbRT68Q+F8aUQkQXX58 +CfdSe/U4qN1M/WkyYBojHMFWFDzEMFcLTRgoWC9hIaAefQolIkBYJ3Im44w0XgKDCBOQwFYWHUzx +BAc1StJikHuRROSRSCapJP+ERi7p5JNQMnCAff4wcIgDRRVwSlho2CZfVVri9kp6haxm1Ja1ETJU +blOyFkB3aBwA53RlZonmZ2qKFWZRwEhJ5StWVmJmbnculyeYp/AZi50AcOllkdQ9YuIjCPizwEgx +FlLpK5emsemBh3yqkUiH3NSlIv6cISqlQ/I2EamDrZrIp526ComsiNBaXVgLJGCSJAuaFSFPow6r +WqorSsheQvX8N6iCGULDq6+hYWisIVEFu2CAkpr6T7ICRjtItn9+Zo55EzLbyJr2Mfdlk5sw4C1S +wsJLLLgI2rsfqJJQVSwagSbS5r9B9ZQusNGORm8a7i2L8LWb+DuIFi6AUML/GBl0MdLC1bUq7rsc +W8gvIvIWZwxRBBIyQFgpb/tRdd0dMICKr0J83cGEtChAzDM/rC8mJYvkA1tsOZFGBHM1IMXNqZoT +QJto6PbuJKOhoc7TRWUK5dZcT4IBW0pUwIQCQZgxFwtdc9v12mwnAkYKXNxgQxlYWND1zji3rffe +TlJJgDpEBsv34IQnKXjhiCe+2eGKN+54YYw/LrmSYFFJbwJQL0VATvBgftbmiWAt1t9O3ScWACoK +ICZRBwRsTOZFkX4oGp6Pzk3l9nFcEOxEyf5u7VWBnhXvrOX0oj8HSMNklzRXNxQ37BrQvC9EPbdo +V9MP1XJRC9D8JpjFIKAc/xoEBDwoGg5kj/K7n6kP6PH3KV/T+dJ/9Tz7y7kPcBr060+np7m5BG4i +VSRowape3BigeBI0kgMcAn6vaB4hcGMlBebLgKmZVQALY0H/IKtI/yNPBuvVFHi4zmcEFESbCjCS +FKZhYC2EBAyLRK8NhSpV8HDhDHNYs/0RhoeP2OEB86VDgQyqU0yKBGMCQDOXGcxmx/GYzRTGlWZ9 +TGQEi8QRIfcxBvEHilODykeqxrp0WC+M1vpZIcgFRQakCF9ZyZsgGqZG17yxSFQTywHMaAknZhES +ftRUAD5hijmFEI997CIbraaNMwDGKLMLnRwZZsUENfKRG4QjpQZ5hkIuxf+FaEzEIn1WMK0hYlAH +IE4dF7hKAH3RPgQgRr0k6bCcVRKWsixdKwWFvGpFUoxP3CUiRWjKXFlKk4RQTq0U+Upf5ouW36LQ +uvzhTA+C0RK6AmQXJTZMjmzzZZLA4kjOCA0p7jIqz0rkFCepkHSm0TDiTMMQvBAGIJxgLjTwQJHI +OTsM+oyf7yomfH7TPKhFyo3+aCIzD4SlV0gtXOus5SBa1NCoVfOXgzkPQR+ABKItYQcQSBoVvDjC +r3SHTILrYDjg5IgElOuDKuudLc6wgMw9qpv3MumfDiBBdEl0jh/BG5V4itFlvJSBaYAC0RSwBRRQ +IGliuN5vbFFTo5yri4NtOB8BqEo8R8jgqGANq1jHStaymvWsSxEC0UJABAXgYAZzyQFa52ofK0zu +rpV5QBUUUIQPsOUFF1BBA3rQtcDg9bCJ0UENjLBUMlxBA11zqaEQS9nKLqY7ArWsZhHHJT2dcLOg +VRwnG5mAz6YhEAA7 + +------=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF496.73C279E0 +Content-Type: image/gif; + name="schemersv2-1sm.gif" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: attachment; + filename="schemersv2-1sm.gif" + +R0lGODlhkAAZANUAABEREe/v78/Pz9/f35qamnZ2djExMVVVVWZmZiEhIaqqqv8AAAAA/wwM/yAg +qvLg4GBp//0qKsVxpP97Z/95eQgICLwwMPvh4ywy//8EBOLi9F5e9v8NDd3d+v8hIf86Ovvq6gAF +//KOjv8eFP+LgjEx+//v7/vt7P96enFx9Q4R//wuLsWy6f9KQ/aGhv85OIyW//+gmt3d9XqB/9nY +/P8iIf8eHv84OLCT4A8PD7u7u4qKikVFRQAAAP///wAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAACQABkAQAb/QJ9w +SCwaibse78hsOp/QqHRK9R16u2ag1xsUdVxfMmFMLg09gpGrMxfR6iEYsO1+w7we4njNTrleRGA9 +Yj1kZXpGeX5GBT10PnlLQwFoWW5FbgqPOkyYQ3mdcmGOBoGKWFOOAA81CxMwDA0aVzwBQwRshZNF +AlwKlGipVcTFxsfIVDrLzLe9O9DQcZQEBTwHO6dmAzsIPAg7zkQKOzw8O6I+ATsC1TwFwD7cCNin +QgHu9UMC4fwH79N88Iu2I+ARfNb03WM371u4fTv+FTAoiACAHgV8DHLyaYgbLiBBAojTMVKPdBrZ +hAyZQICQRVF0WMR4ZOMdQiVfDiMCM5nP/59Ah5jwgILDghgzZATluRNZzqVQoyYLkKDHAZdHBFxE +4CxXD2BJuDBC8MhLJSWBtNIMa0qgsGFhO6kt0PWXSU4Lw1W9KmVu3a+FxHrMRjaBqLMG5F00UKCg +DnE2PSlBtEQXkke7ioQSpJJQkSsHTDIiMmBxYwKPm0QehXMyqtE6YTNFF6ZXmJwfTzYpuZn16tdU +enL2PDwzcM1Yyplb/s5eAAQXuSR4qPGcER3WhejwxtwPdtjl7A24husf83jl4mVivryAFxsLMrwg +AYFBCXXQQR5I972JgrfTWSLVgAQWSBozMl2U0U9PGejgg0A1COGEA463Emb7RMdDdCQ9Av9SHo9g +pQ6IBlSVSGDScXFOdBzuY+KGXMSRR3QJkCgPiCEB4IRaPRjQYiEswgiAF2Q9IowBt0ho0h6XJRaW +QXlklERiw63DhTi+WEWEI6FFmUmPJgEgokeuSeFlk4FRNIdzFynApWq1ZXJJmWRWplsRbPB2p3ad +XYdHU0O8KcVvKbXGy2zACXDAW4IVyhGdQuSWDjcxGgfKnoWupmiIojGhKKOAsuanoUcId6lsQmQp +AKECuYTbZGIhmFqkkPbG50lsyIpoX1yMeeuolu4qrBGW1GGPD5uQ8eoSpn55qEkobWRZqaE6YckF +EuCAwQYd+ABIEWSF9lQSTA4xgFgEsMdwQ1ViClGaIdAUsFiSkBrnSI/d0fqsrY4GACJ7ojQrRLrs +sSsABQss0AINKjCQwrvTlVNpsFtyAY68IO2Qw4Ucd+zxxyCHLPLIIFuwwA0fjMBCCA6Q7DIXFVAo +MzIgiLBCBC6cIFWWx87ss89Z5uhHEAA7 + +------=_NextPart_000_0000_01BFF496.73C279E0-- +From VM Sun Jul 23 13:47:55 2000 +Content-Length: 3127 +Status: RO +X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil t nil nil nil nil] + ["3127" "Sun" "16" "July" "2000" "22:00:25" "+0100" "Philip Harvey" "philiph@cleveland.co.uk" "<000e01bfef68$dd8ce960$0600000a@cleveland.co.uk>" "71" "logo" "^From:" nil nil "7" "2000071621:00:25" "logo" nil nil nil] + nil) +Return-Path: +Received: from srfi.schemers.org (srfi.schemers.org [128.42.6.206]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id EAA26292 + for ; Mon, 17 Jul 2000 04:59:01 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from atrios.cheapnet.co.uk (atrios.cheapnet.co.uk [194.164.6.2]) + by srfi.schemers.org (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id EAA07884 + for ; Mon, 17 Jul 2000 04:58:59 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from cleveland.co.uk (IDENT:root@cleveland.co.uk [194.164.92.39]) + by atrios.cheapnet.co.uk (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA21884 + for ; Mon, 17 Jul 2000 10:54:28 +0100 (BST) +Received: from timemachine6 (philiph@timemachine6.cleveland.co.uk [10.0.0.6]) + by cleveland.co.uk (8.10.1/8.10.1) with SMTP id e6GKsgi19265 + for ; Sun, 16 Jul 2000 21:54:42 +0100 +Message-ID: <000e01bfef68$dd8ce960$0600000a@cleveland.co.uk> +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/mixed; + boundary="----=_NextPart_000_000A_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0" +X-Priority: 3 +X-MSMail-Priority: Normal +X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 5.00.2615.200 +X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.2615.200 +From: "Philip Harvey" +To: +Subject: logo +Date: Sun, 16 Jul 2000 22:00:25 +0100 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format. + +------=_NextPart_000_000A_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0 +Content-Type: multipart/alternative; + boundary="----=_NextPart_001_000B_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0" + + +------=_NextPart_001_000B_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0 +Content-Type: text/plain; + charset="iso-8859-1" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable + +Heres my attempt at a better logo for you + + -Phil + +------=_NextPart_001_000B_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0 +Content-Type: text/html; + charset="iso-8859-1" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable + + + + + + + + +

Heres my attempt at a better logo for=20 +you

= +-Phil

+ +------=_NextPart_001_000B_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0-- + +------=_NextPart_000_000A_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0 +Content-Type: image/gif; + name="schemers.gif" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: attachment; + filename="schemers.gif" + +R0lGODlhPwEgAMT/AP///8zLy769vbKxsaWkpJWUlIiHh3p6em5tbV5dXVFQUERERDY2NiYmJhoZ +GQ0NDQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAA +PwEgAEAF/2AgjmRpnmiqrmzrvnAsz3Rt3/gN7Q8hD43drjGYKYS7UgHJFBZKDOEsKkUJHk3ho3ha +VmPUJI2A1fpiwGyzIZgZyuIZmdmjHZAougJReLoWcSJeaoRfNWEyCUwlihAHJAM7DiVHEH6CeDGN +hi8GlU0Pe30vgIVKhTsJjJwunk0mryysIk0KBwVnJwQFB590CbcpArwKDlmnqJciiImZI5tCClBN +yoMQM9CrpiTW0be5Jru9iyRZDgkFbcIFCcaxz6jITQ6iyl0I7rMBqPz9/v8AAwocSLCgwYMIEyr8 +lycQLULnEkhs5zAAnCwNtDnslsUeM3gBGSm7QkedCHTcnP+dFKhRDSxWhSJOzOeyBL9HJDa1PGZT +CLgAQVAxGDo06LUTQkwGiETogVICO3COILDgopBz8o6O4EhtmkNo/lqqQuGrmsoAYPvtZLIgq1Km +apySgFroZ5osD6SOKKV1JaG2KYXoDXCn0Nit+hYqXsy4sePHkCM7zkG5suXLmDNr3sxZs5qhE0Mn +WMCAZlwGokUrYGBViGp+CkTnS007Nc3aFFHV9oW79+3eqkv3A02btGmAqIGzVgM8+HE1DhjErj20 +5ksIXEYMGE106B6lAdwd1o4gNYKfaM9yZeKRE7vmNFWQBAU+8Mbmue/XNgAeLvYS25HW3XclPIeE +ASYk0Br/PfUZpQRu/AGIhDQl9NLdgD8ZkNgOgL1AAD7qGYTDRy+AtYpeAiAxSU6W2NeXCyaySMh4 +6QnRoQsfGkgOYrpptBYSNGbTExIXFlldRQ9BIFoYamT30HWEZJWVGu19xZKMSkKSEQmfmMVJWvzU +IMBvEzGZhZP7bDNCij1iKWZ8Q9YFyYYQbCnDmIKNcdGUHXn1IoxngUXjMuy5iE2g8bhoZwx4vsjE +YC8IYNSLYIY4oQ35NCTZppx26umnoErW2aiklmrqqaimquqqrLbq6quwwhDqrLTWauutnGqK6668 +9uqrr7o+kAB6KGzXmrDEokCAmS+uh0SVf7bAZAqFEUKh/wnWTHGWC8aCMiy3Cv4jbH0pFMDsDN1m +oUCEOPoSbZqOjKEFuS00uhE/0Gqrj19ZDMojkixMWwM0kOLIDxs1aLhvC2Al68InmprQWjRe/VRt +vy3x2RUJJNYIkBI/jicAONliyZDJa0ApsbV+qgFepUO8/GUhiyYZLwkX4yWPpvZ4YiSznLBJUAnL +/kzUTx0fYDRRpjFSM1gIkHCFlw4pvbRwiKopgn89r2bklVPxE+TMWi+1rYhIuXbovQWNuDAKMcKz +4gif6MUU1e+qEPfWffTttwk5Z9lMov/O6CMkficO+I4jvKMCnf8wgGBgErYtdeKYp+NnhVdjTbYD +Sh1ht/QThuLcedMyEHCAjkJNXjhPr2PsZuqrM24zwENGTAICyfSE5qSwY+IevpujrBaWcq05J+mF +/0i4CFYXuQAC4PHOifWE2PM8oYWgqZPpRk5fPRI/sc72u0K4vnV55qFZGAM2CBn7xiN0DCjZPJBL +F/PC46531lFykfqWwj7RIMB9O7jQpcKBOWL5x3nDu4oJBlCAAk7EAPbwmK4WgCYW3EUIUYvBAayi +sUJx7G1wA6AQ0MQRvK3NSmXrBgfR4KByMMFfKzAA6kASwNgtwGEq8IWufkXEIhrxiAsZIhKXyMQm +OjFvsYqiFKdIxSpa8YpYzKIWLRMCADs= + +------=_NextPart_000_000A_01BFEF71.3F2FBFA0-- +From VM Sun Jul 23 13:48:01 2000 +Content-Length: 9637 +Status: RO +X-VM-v5-Data: ([nil nil nil nil t nil t nil nil] + ["9637" "Sunday" "16" "July" "2000" "22:18:09" "-0700" "Jeremy Lindsay" "jerms@rubberoven.com" "<39729711.14717ED7@rubberoven.com>" "147" "logo" "^From:" nil nil "7" "2000071705:18:09" "logo" nil nil nil] + nil) +Return-Path: +Received: from srfi.schemers.org (srfi.schemers.org [128.42.6.206]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id AAA24037 + for ; Mon, 17 Jul 2000 00:32:10 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from priv-edtnes04-hme0.telusplanet.net (edtnes04.telus.net [199.185.220.104]) + by srfi.schemers.org (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id AAA07727 + for ; Mon, 17 Jul 2000 00:32:06 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from rubberoven.com ([216.232.8.139]) + by priv-edtnes04-hme0.telusplanet.net + (InterMail vM.4.01.02.11 201-229-116-111) with ESMTP + id <20000717053159.ZXAD4208.priv-edtnes04-hme0.telusplanet.net@rubberoven.com> + for ; Sun, 16 Jul 2000 23:31:59 -0600 +Message-ID: <39729711.14717ED7@rubberoven.com> +X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.72 [en] (Win98; U) +X-Accept-Language: en +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/mixed; + boundary="------------863F29C0C60FE676C16F30A9" +From: Jeremy Lindsay +To: shriram@srfi.schemers.org +Subject: logo +Date: Sun, 16 Jul 2000 22:18:09 -0700 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format. +--------------863F29C0C60FE676C16F30A9 +Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +Hi. +Interested in using this logo? (yes for free) + +Let me know. +Thanks. +Jeremy Lindsay +jerms@rubberoven.com (this has nothing to do with rubberoven.com design +company) + +--------------863F29C0C60FE676C16F30A9 +Content-Type: image/gif; + name="schemers.org.gif" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: inline; + filename="schemers.org.gif" + +R0lGODlhcQFIAPcAAOru7Pj6+fj++vv+/PH08vb++Pr++/T49fP+9dvl3fP99e/08OX46On7 +7Ob46ff9+PX79uzy7avns7Tnu6/atY2ikIyhj9j23Ki8q8XZyOL35d7y4c/d0eb16O/98fD9 +8vb99+Xs5gDEFwDCFgDAFgC/FgC9FgC7FgC6FQC5FQC3FQC1FQCzFQCxFACvFACsFACqFACp +EwCmEwCkEwCjEwChEgCeEgCcEgCaEgCZEgCYEQCWEQCUEQCTEQCREQCLEACGDwCCDwB+DgWf +FwWZFirBOymvOUDOUD/KT0DIUEDBT0PJU0TJU0fKVkC1TUCvTTyaSFbbZ1TWZFTVZFPUY1PT +Y1LRYlLQYVHPYVDLX07HXU3EXEzCW0zBWku/WUq9WEe0VEayU0WwUkWvUkSuUUOrUEKoT1XX +ZVHNYE/IXk7FXEezVEaxU0SsUDyYRzuVRku3WUGfTUq0Vl/RbGLTcGnVdnDcfXDYfHDWfHXd +gXDUe3DUfHDTe3XWgXHQfWrBdHHLe3/hi33ciYHhjXHEe3rShW+5eI/kmZTonpTlnY/dmZLg +m5TinZTgnZ/qqJnioaHqqpjXn5TRm5fUnpfTnpPJmavos6/qtq/otrTtu7Lquavhsbbuvbjt 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nil nil] + [nil nil nil nil nil nil nil "Alexander Staubo" "alex@mop.no" "" nil "RE: Schemers.org logo" "^From:" nil nil nil "2000072500:58:36" "Schemers.org logo" nil "<14715.10231.877955.536511@sun.cs.rice.edu>" nil] + nil) +Return-Path: +Received: from faust.mop.no (faust.mop.no [194.63.250.43]) + by cs.rice.edu (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id UAA11794 + for ; Mon, 24 Jul 2000 20:00:33 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from magnolia (hidden-user@nas-213-203.nyc-t.navipath.net [64.20.213.203]) + by faust.mop.no (8.9.3/8.8.7) with SMTP id DAA14807 + for ; Tue, 25 Jul 2000 03:20:45 +0200 +Message-ID: +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: multipart/mixed; + boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0011_01BFF5B1.EF7CE720" +X-Priority: 3 (Normal) +X-MSMail-Priority: Normal +X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2910.0) +X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 +In-Reply-To: <14715.10231.877955.536511@sun.cs.rice.edu> +Importance: Normal +From: "Alexander Staubo" +To: +Subject: RE: Schemers.org logo +Date: Mon, 24 Jul 2000 20:58:36 -0400 + +This is a multi-part message in MIME format. + +------=_NextPart_000_0011_01BFF5B1.EF7CE720 +Content-Type: text/plain; + charset="US-ASCII" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit + +Included are two logo: One of the original (the one with +guidelines), one of a different font design that is much sharper +at this low resolution. + +Of course, as a designer I would like to rework your complete +site as a whole, but I doubt I have time for that. ;) + +Hope you like 'em. + +--A. + +> -----Original Message----- +> From: Shriram Krishnamurthi [mailto:shriram@cs.rice.edu] +> Sent: Sunday, July 23, 2000 13:16 +> To: Alexander Staubo +> Cc: clements@cs.rice.edu +> Subject: RE: Schemers.org logo +> +> +> You're right, my requested size is too small for any +> subtlety. I did +> like your new logo, especially at the larger size (at +> the smaller +> size, as you point out, the dot disappears). I've +> incorporated it +> into www.schemers.org for now. I do rather like your original +> submission, especially if you could bring it down to +> the same size as +> the larger of your revised submissions (the one on the +> Web page), and +> could add some color to it. +> +> Cheers, +> Shriram +> + +------=_NextPart_000_0011_01BFF5B1.EF7CE720 +Content-Type: image/gif; + name="schemerv1-1.gif" +Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 +Content-Disposition: attachment; + filename="schemerv1-1.gif" + +R0lGODlh+gApAOYAAM/Pz9/f3+/v73Z2dpqamkVFRaqqqlVVVf8AAAAA/zExMSEhIREREf8GBv8d +Hf8HBzY2+t7r///ezw4P//8/P/+7u/+jmRAQ//8yMuvl9Ofy/wsLzI6O/P9wcP//+//69Pj4/Q8P +D/9/f5ig///t7fbW1vhcXP9/ef8pKfTi4v+ppv+Hh/+OjgIC/fKTkyQl//9zc+Pj9/9RUfz8/P4o +JdLS8/8SEv+Pivv7/N8KCnp+///8819i//6pqVFR9n9/9Do6/PdhYf/Qy/+AgP/+/v39/f/Wyf8C +AvLO2v9cXP8uLIyO+/83N9HR8mJm//ykpCIi/5qi/yUm/7W3+//9/f+YmPGYmObu/11d9vyRkYKC +842N98LM//9hYfIgKf/o6A4ODv8mI4qKiru7u2ZmZgAAAP///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA +AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5 +BAAAAAAALAAAAAD6ACkAQAf/gGaCg4SFhoeIggCEi4mOj5CRkpOUlZaXmJmam4NihAWcoaKjpKWm +lp5mY2MFAGOqnYQBA4MBZIOvsYKpuwO5rwa8ZsIHAoICxYK/B4MCoLi5ggqvuc/KC8qqwreDyWbI +xrCqzMfWqtHnA8EECuGpq63UupWeAGLorwQE6NzK+GPqxLAL1y8YLkVkcgkQwysAPjFkEq4aQyaA +GQKNzBjMdnDXp0PCeC0ctFGcoAAWDa0iJGwYS3RmzInkVRIdykMrB1VM5JDQGIgSV+2UFEAYAVom +VRHwRCDlOUJDC43cZaCjs2gMTTkttHVrM1mRvPIES/aYoa5hI4WrNYoFgrcy/2AgUPLBSYIEPx6t +dbTXjFhIWKPZO0W4sOHDiBMnVQzyI+PHkCNLHjTA170B9xAWgAlgQLiiZDIDIDPN5aACBLhZjEZG +QMZmB6oqE+MUYt+nlFuHU5gw9TeT9mB+i42LdqfWKtGJ6TxPUOWfADObGb350kKLDgWgM1BAgNec +u5h7JCSATCPtyxFmTFWUAEdxzmhrD0oROvR7Y9YKa9WR18/m0fyUkXLQsGRMLrwEx5E1g433noAd +OZiTPdOskl4tAj1YjnGSjIbfZhMZQIYBE4lxgIXm+aOIGBVCqAp99+AXo4UT1QdAAekRUEBEBRzQ +SIOEDODKGAYMcECPBzA0gP8CnuzXWHOCGGCAKyIWsCNmBhBwwImFgGdac9KdxpIhUlJJhpVkYKkl +lz4ReMiNOe54po8rDvLFA28h0IAEUdx1VxO1ECDbQQLIpk9yYzpCoitHLcBAaDSm1NJklFbKWApW +BEGBCS6UQMRkRUEkpACp/dTUKgNY9NphTlrq6quwvtpqrLTWaqs9DIlhAHZ8HQWRGOr41Zw1S1Wm +a4cMJdmUI6nlCuxqDIW26kW/phoJrsr+dQywzlpLLZuF4MrQrsJyEky1BNy2LWa5ersUuOQdVYAC +0o6hgJVWsomUGcVQY8yZ6Ajgy4H3OAQAAAGwI4YxwggpYjDSdgJTQovMQuX/GACQM8ZRXaIjZGgi +7rcxQzoO6kwhFPslJJEYa8xxm4Qw8NmXZuzbryr/VofKN5D+FJUqGXcc88zbjGFRlkYv2hrGrpg2 +5UFE7ihWSD4h4uQvflHtYM1rRZNlM/7xIw+/LGEESwAKEEIOzZ5F+PW2BVIWYZQDqsLdz5R4Al2X +AFR17GxxOze31g/yI5UYO2JsUypU72a1Y4Vo3VmNJ5ZoeY0cetlSSDDJpIgvE1VO4+glpgReUWwd +slDiTWOYN2vGpIsPRgBMhVvWqQvink6/wWJMT3J/s0B3Wf+kZEoFLRzearAAsICkkCe6tS2SGm0S +MnjfTjPNYQrieS1DFXz9/wHZa56IAMP/HuPxgvRjRg9e0GABFxMk0AIHIAQ6XTjOiK7jIhxSEZRk +QSczmId59plOk8wAhjI48IEQjKAEJ0jBClrwghjMoAY3yMEOevCBOcgTAjCQBCOMwE8b+KAKV1iG +ENjqhTB8xBAQ0AER5IkJHtCBD4ogGRdxBCCNWIpwYkjEItLKAAdIV0dCpa7DzMJZCWmiEadIxVjN +qopYzKKsoqfFLnqRMVf8ohjHmIkh0swc08HEtBCBjy45woyPWKMhVsUZSskxXG5kBCRegxZCFClV +phNVAG6zkAvlAolkUKKTRNQIagTwEFpKT34AAi+YdUJgWPtJOIq0CARNiv8QkeykdoxkRvN1xiKT ++uNNtJGmQWZiKaqSUZLYSKBTbu8bwDLAgbKGGellZTrki5Z5ABKulVEkkSNCHGb4sx9yDCYaC4FJ +eRziswEUwJokwhjxLCmIMizCbAHa0S6At4vdNaMiKLImNldxo754aQDuC0kqMhYaoLhiX5SYSmc6 +Ga4FuNNj8SRPqoQSkSQpgES0QZAyDqaKMtxnIgl5icSyYYzRKLQTvoFFRE9iTo0or2b5ad5SjjEi +btbsFq84WXH0ppG10SwY4RiYSFNRnkFpDylFQd1CO+nQGQkFjolYVpowRxxxlOSmJ6ENLw61C6wF +IBgp3RXjfGKiRxqoE4P/MmOCpiEjn9UoRdMxJ1NNUsCLDEghFPFpi45JIxZ9NRcAEKs5o1FWswnQ +ObujRu1o9pMkaatDtUNNHn9JlcDVLK9Ac000vGWSjb5oHr/Q5bOk55JGlouy1YlUgt4BOnhAMVcR +qZGQ7sovh8gINgm9x43Ap4zOsuKzwhRtIwWzL+H4RxmSZewk9qERfGrHFcbwxn/uKp6kGCWNzXvP +l4oy0Ll5g2qZNMQV3WEWXhgFc9idSG3dRN2JRs+6oMwu6Yh515+Y7izPCpDapAgSBLknlgNCynBv +Z17lQjcbWBvgLs6Ez5pt7aOLGdaTHKTEXXQtdycx7OYk+t1BFHgYB05w/1neOQmIXLMQ/X0Ebz9X +u9b5g0S2o/AhdNmNqukuGgF4xmhIDItVIA2VOlmLt2h7Ue8NmG1OGQo0lzIt81G2ezGhLGN13Awe +I0q/CGExNYi0DxgTIgNTWIIUILCFGERuEB32jHKegU8fH2Io9jivKnyB21TAUrABGJK7PMbb8tBo +dYhjGBf/Wwh95MfNEGKFAfz5T8pyr3N+trMA8CzJAux50EJDMrVS/F41p2TDZlhBnsKwAx74CQsz +IMmyWMKunbxNwYrah3fisb6LYMzJqdldT3IyUpAAGMXiPOONPxkMp6BDS8Lx8n8Brd9azw3XR95a +nRN5kiXrThhVEGEDhKtwBSj4SQuFKJJTFoVLm4L6EdK2SkT0g4ghARUnQC6e5bqEHwv9dUUBAzfm +nBLNy4nXh93uHiHLbSH2MmIiiHCACLvwgBNE4AJ3AcIbL3Q+emuSEvVVoJ/JyHBRkOAICLBBBVDw +lhto4AUJqMFkrK0QnRnw2w0PeSWo8IQs6PstDVABEnAgmUIxYHcHQk8jUSrymtvcAExaRWrIcADQ +DZLgNg+6yDEG2wcTIhAAOw== + +------=_NextPart_000_0011_01BFF5B1.EF7CE720 +Content-Type: image/gif; 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Mon, 14 Aug 2000 13:39:02 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from newton.ruph.cornell.edu (ruph.cornell.edu [132.236.84.11]) + by srfi.schemers.org (8.9.0/8.9.0) with ESMTP id NAA09643 + for ; Mon, 14 Aug 2000 13:39:00 -0500 (CDT) +Received: from einstein.ruph.cornell.edu (einstein.ruph.cornell.edu [132.236.84.12]) + by newton.ruph.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id OAA06266 + for ; Mon, 14 Aug 2000 14:38:58 -0400 +Received: (from bsabbey@localhost) + by einstein.ruph.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) id OAA14884; + Mon, 14 Aug 2000 14:38:56 -0400 +Message-ID: +MIME-Version: 1.0 +Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII +From: Brian Sabbey +To: shriram@srfi.schemers.org +Subject: logo +Date: Mon, 14 Aug 2000 14:38:55 -0400 (EDT) + +I think it would be great if your logo was: + +(. schemers org) + +in a code font. + +Regards, +Brian Sabbey diff --git a/www/logo-dsandler.gif b/www/logo-dsandler.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa0f562 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/logo-dsandler.gif differ diff --git a/www/logo.gif b/www/logo.gif new file mode 120000 index 0000000..9d75d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/www/logo.gif @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +schemers.gif \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/www/logo2.gif b/www/logo2.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..888a8d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/logo2.gif differ diff --git a/www/logo3.gif b/www/logo3.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..152c15e Binary files /dev/null and b/www/logo3.gif differ diff --git a/www/logo4.gif b/www/logo4.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72e3f99 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/logo4.gif differ diff --git a/www/plt-logo.gif b/www/plt-logo.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44a81a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/www/plt-logo.gif differ diff --git a/www/quotes b/www/quotes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..216fcb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/quotes @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Revolution came and changed his whole SCHEME of life. --Macaulay. +http://work.ucsd.edu:5141/cgi-bin/http_webster?method=exact&isindex=Scheme&db=* diff --git a/www/robots.txt b/www/robots.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/www/schemers.gif b/www/schemers.gif new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a0beef Binary files /dev/null and b/www/schemers.gif differ diff --git a/www/template.shtml b/www/template.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a479ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/template.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: + + + + + + + + diff --git a/www/welcome.shtml b/www/welcome.shtml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a25ef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/welcome.shtml @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + + + + + + +schemers.org: Welcome + + + +

+Welcome to schemers.org! This is a collection of resources for the +Scheme programming language. It was initiated by the +PLT group at +Rice University. +It now runs on a server in the +Brown University computer +science department. +

+ +

+The pages were built and are maintained by Shriram Krishnamurthi, +with help from other members of Rice PLT, most notably +Matthias Felleisen, +Paul Steckler and +Yan-David Erlich. +Comments, suggestions and contributions of material are always +welcome. Please contact me at sk+59@cs.brown.edu. +

+ +

+Several people have contributed logos for this site. The current logo +is from Dan Sandler, a +Rice graduate who spent a summer working with PLT. He wrote Scheme +code to rework the Rice computer science department's entire Web site, +and thus got the group thinking seriously about the Web. Thanks, Dan! +

+ +

+The ``favorite'' icon — the little lambda that you might see +associated with this site in some browsers, especially if you bookmark +any of its pages — was generated by Mason Loring Bliss. Thanks, +Mason! +

+ + + +

[1]	+Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. +Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, second edition. +MIT Press, Cambridge, 1996. + +
[2]	Alan Bawden and Jonathan Rees. +Syntactic closures. +In Proceedings of the 1988 ACM Symposium on Lisp and +Functional Programming, pages 86-95. + +
[3]	+Robert G. Burger and R. Kent Dybvig. +Printing floating-point numbers quickly and accurately. +In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '96 Conference +on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pages 108-116. + +
[4]	+William Clinger, editor. +The revised revised report on Scheme, or an uncommon Lisp. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 848, August 1985. +Also published as Computer Science Department Technical Report 174, +Indiana University, June 1985. + +
[5]	William Clinger. +How to read floating point numbers accurately. +In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '90 Conference +on Programming Language Design and Implementation, pages 92-101. +Proceedings published as SIGPLAN Notices 25(6), June 1990. + +
[6]	+William Clinger and Jonathan Rees, editors. +The revised⁴ report on the algorithmic language Scheme. +In ACM Lisp Pointers 4(3), pages 1-55, 1991. + +
[7]	William Clinger and Jonathan Rees. +Macros that work. +In Proceedings of the 1991 ACM Conference on Principles of +Programming Languages, pages 155-162. + +
[8]	William Clinger. +Proper Tail Recursion and Space Efficiency. +To appear in Proceedings of the 1998 ACM Conference on Programming +Language Design and Implementation, June 1998. + +
[9]	+R. Kent Dybvig, Robert Hieb, and Carl Bruggeman. +Syntactic abstraction in Scheme. +Lisp and Symbolic Computation 5(4):295-326, 1993. + +
[10]	+Carol Fessenden, William Clinger, Daniel P. Friedman, and Christopher Haynes. +Scheme 311 version 4 reference manual. +Indiana University Computer Science Technical Report 137, February 1983. +Superseded by [11]. + +
[11]	+D. Friedman, C. Haynes, E. Kohlbecker, and M. Wand. +Scheme 84 interim reference manual. +Indiana University Computer Science Technical Report 153, January 1985. + +
[12]	+IEEE Standard 754-1985. IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point +Arithmetic. IEEE, New York, 1985. + +
[13]	+IEEE Standard 1178-1990. IEEE Standard for the Scheme +Programming Language. IEEE, New York, 1991. + +
[14]	+Eugene E. Kohlbecker Jr. +Syntactic Extensions in the Programming Language Lisp. +PhD thesis, Indiana University, August 1986. + +
[15]	+Eugene E. Kohlbecker Jr., Daniel P. Friedman, Matthias Felleisen, and Bruce Duba. +Hygienic macro expansion. +In Proceedings of the 1986 ACM Conference on Lisp +and Functional Programming, pages 151-161. + +
[16]	+Peter Landin. +A correspondence between Algol 60 and Church's lambda notation: Part I. +Communications of the ACM 8(2):89-101, February 1965. + +
[17]	+MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. +Scheme manual, seventh edition. +September 1984. + +
[18]	+Peter Naur et al. +Revised report on the algorithmic language Algol 60. +Communications of the ACM 6(1):1-17, January 1963. + +
[19]	+Paul Penfield, Jr. +Principal values and branch cuts in complex APL. +In APL '81 Conference Proceedings, pages 248-256. +ACM SIGAPL, San Francisco, September 1981. +Proceedings published as APL Quote Quad 12(1), ACM, September 1981. + +
[20]	+Kent M. Pitman. +The revised MacLisp manual (Saturday evening edition). +MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Technical Report 295, May 1983. + +
[21]	+Jonathan A. Rees and Norman I. Adams IV. +T: A dialect of Lisp or, lambda: The ultimate software tool. +In Conference Record of the 1982 ACM Symposium on Lisp and +Functional Programming, pages 114-122. + +
[22]	+Jonathan A. Rees, Norman I. Adams IV, and James R. Meehan. +The T manual, fourth edition. +Yale University Computer Science Department, January 1984. + +
[23]	+Jonathan Rees and William Clinger, editors. +The revised³ report on the algorithmic language Scheme. +In ACM SIGPLAN Notices 21(12), pages 37-79, December 1986. + +
[24]	+John Reynolds. +Definitional interpreters for higher order programming languages. +In ACM Conference Proceedings, pages 717-740. +ACM, 1972. + +
[25]	+Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. +The revised report on Scheme, a dialect of Lisp. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 452, January 1978. + +
[26]	+Guy Lewis Steele Jr. +Rabbit: a compiler for Scheme. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Technical Report 474, May 1978. + +
[27]	+Guy Lewis Steele Jr. +Common Lisp: The Language, second edition. +Digital Press, Burlington MA, 1990. + +
[28]	+Gerald Jay Sussman and Guy Lewis Steele Jr. +Scheme: an interpreter for extended lambda calculus. +MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 349, December 1975. + +
[29]	+Joseph E. Stoy. +Denotational Semantics: The Scott-Strachey Approach to +Programming Language Theory. +MIT Press, Cambridge, 1977. + +
[30]	+Texas Instruments, Inc. +TI Scheme Language Reference Manual. +Preliminary version 1.0, November 1985. + +

A Charter for Change (R6RS)

R6RS Status Report

Kent Dybvig, Will Clinger, Matthew Flatt, Mike Sperber, and Anton van Straaten

June 21, 2006

1. Overview

2. Change Log

3. Guiding Principles

4. Decisions

4.1. Language structure

4.2. Programs

4.3. Features eliminated

4.4. Changes

4.5. Features added

4.6. Features to be added

4.7. Reaffirmations

4.8. Beyond R6RS

5. Mutability of pairs

6. Reference implementations

7. Work in Progress

7.1. Libraries

7.2. Records

7.3. Unicode

7.4. Arithmetic

7.5. Exceptions

7.6. I/O

7.7. Macros

7.8. Binary block datatype

7.9. Other possible changes

8. Completion Process

R6RS Status Report

Kent Dybvig, Will Clinger, Matthew Flatt, Mike Sperber, and Anton van Straaten

February 24, 2006

1. Overview

2. Guiding Principles

3. Decisions

3.1. Structural changes

3.2. Features eliminated

3.3. Changes

3.4. Features added

3.5. Features to be added

3.6. Reaffirmations

3.7. Beyond R6RS

4. Work in Progress

4.1. Libraries

4.2. Records

4.3. Unicode

4.4. Arithmetic

4.5. Exceptions

4.6. I/O

4.7. Macros

4.8. Other possible changes

5. Completion Process

R5RS

+ +Summary

+Chapter 7 +Formal syntax and semantics

+ +Notes

+ +Additional material

+ +Example

+ +Bibliography

+ +Alphabetic Index of Definitions of Concepts, +Keywords, and Procedures

+ +Contents

+ +Introduction

+Chapter 1 +Overview of Scheme

+Chapter 2 +Lexical conventions

+Chapter 3 +Basic concepts

+Chapter 4 +Expressions

+Chapter 5 +Program structure

+Chapter 6 +Standard procedures

Revised5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme

R5RS

Standards

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Videos

Articles and Essays

4.8. Beyond R⁶RS

3.7. Beyond R⁶RS

+

+Summary

+
Chapter 7
+Formal syntax and semantics

+

+Notes

+

+Additional material

+

+Example

+

+Bibliography

+

+Alphabetic Index of Definitions of Concepts, +Keywords, and Procedures

+

+Contents

+

+Introduction

+
Chapter 1
+Overview of Scheme

+
Chapter 2
+Lexical conventions

+
Chapter 3
+Basic concepts

+
Chapter 4
+Expressions

+
Chapter 5
+Program structure

+
Chapter 6
+Standard procedures

Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme