diff --git a/include/picrin/error.h b/include/picrin/error.h
index a4caf63a..5aff2916 100644
--- a/include/picrin/error.h
+++ b/include/picrin/error.h
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ struct pic_jmpbuf {
 void pic_push_try(pic_state *);
 void pic_pop_try(pic_state *);
 
+noreturn void pic_throw(pic_state *, struct pic_error *);
+
 struct pic_error {
   PIC_OBJECT_HEADER
   enum pic_error_kind {
diff --git a/src/error.c b/src/error.c
index d3798f21..10097548 100644
--- a/src/error.c
+++ b/src/error.c
@@ -39,16 +39,8 @@ pic_pop_try(pic_state *pic)
   pic->try_jmps = prev;
 }
 
-const char *
-pic_errmsg(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  assert(pic->err != NULL);
-
-  return pic_str_cstr(pic->err->msg);
-}
-
-noreturn static void
-raise(pic_state *pic, struct pic_error *e)
+noreturn void
+pic_throw(pic_state *pic, struct pic_error *e)
 {
   pic->err = e;
   if (! pic->jmp) {
@@ -58,6 +50,14 @@ raise(pic_state *pic, struct pic_error *e)
   longjmp(*pic->jmp, 1);
 }
 
+const char *
+pic_errmsg(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  assert(pic->err != NULL);
+
+  return pic_str_cstr(pic->err->msg);
+}
+
 noreturn static void
 error(pic_state *pic, pic_str *msg, pic_value irrs)
 {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ error(pic_state *pic, pic_str *msg, pic_value irrs)
   e->msg = msg;
   e->irrs = irrs;
 
-  raise(pic, e);
+  pic_throw(pic, e);
 }
 
 void
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ pic_raise(pic_state *pic, struct pic_error *e)
   struct pic_proc *handler;
 
   if (pic->ridx == 0) {
-    raise(pic, e);
+    pic_throw(pic, e);
   }
 
   handler = pic->rescue[--pic->ridx];
diff --git a/src/macro.c b/src/macro.c
index 4af43ae6..89a2a3d3 100644
--- a/src/macro.c
+++ b/src/macro.c
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ macroexpand(pic_state *pic, pic_value expr, struct pic_senv *senv)
         pic_catch {
           /* restores pic->lib even if an error occurs */
           pic_in_library(pic, prev->name);
-          longjmp(*pic->jmp, 1);
+          pic_throw(pic, pic->err);
         }
 
         return pic_none_value();
diff --git a/src/vm.c b/src/vm.c
index 51e1787a..047406e2 100644
--- a/src/vm.c
+++ b/src/vm.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "picrin/var.h"
 #include "picrin/lib.h"
 #include "picrin/macro.h"
+#include "picrin/error.h"
 
 #define GET_OPERAND(pic,n) ((pic)->ci->fp[(n)])
 
@@ -935,7 +936,7 @@ pic_apply(pic_state *pic, struct pic_proc *proc, pic_value argv)
 
       pic->jmp = prev_jmp;
       if (pic->err) {
-	longjmp(*pic->jmp, 1);
+        pic_throw(pic, pic->err);
       }
 
 #if VM_DEBUG