diff --git a/contrib/05.r7rs/src/file.c b/contrib/05.r7rs/src/file.c
index f0410f9d..4147bd84 100644
--- a/contrib/05.r7rs/src/file.c
+++ b/contrib/05.r7rs/src/file.c
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@
 PIC_NORETURN static void
 file_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg)
 {
-  pic_throw(pic, pic->sFILE, msg, pic_nil_value());
+  struct pic_error *e;
+
+  e = pic_make_error(pic, pic->sFILE, msg, pic_nil_value());
+
+  pic_raise(pic, pic_obj_value(e));
 }
 
 static pic_value
diff --git a/extlib/benz/error.c b/extlib/benz/error.c
index b4964172..15e34087 100644
--- a/extlib/benz/error.c
+++ b/extlib/benz/error.c
@@ -154,21 +154,15 @@ pic_raise(pic_state *pic, pic_value err)
 }
 
 void
-pic_throw(pic_state *pic, pic_sym *type, const char *msg, pic_value irrs)
+pic_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, pic_value irrs)
 {
   struct pic_error *e;
 
-  e = pic_make_error(pic, type, msg, irrs);
+  e = pic_make_error(pic, pic_intern_cstr(pic, ""), msg, irrs);
 
   pic_raise(pic, pic_obj_value(e));
 }
 
-void
-pic_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, pic_value irrs)
-{
-  pic_throw(pic, pic_intern_cstr(pic, ""), msg, irrs);
-}
-
 static pic_value
 pic_error_with_exception_handler(pic_state *pic)
 {
diff --git a/extlib/benz/include/picrin/error.h b/extlib/benz/include/picrin/error.h
index 7200ddf9..1435faa3 100644
--- a/extlib/benz/include/picrin/error.h
+++ b/extlib/benz/include/picrin/error.h
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ struct pic_proc *pic_pop_handler(pic_state *);
 
 pic_value pic_raise_continuable(pic_state *, pic_value);
 PIC_NORETURN void pic_raise(pic_state *, pic_value);
-PIC_NORETURN void pic_throw(pic_state *, pic_sym *, const char *, pic_list);
 PIC_NORETURN void pic_error(pic_state *, const char *, pic_list);
 
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
diff --git a/extlib/benz/read.c b/extlib/benz/read.c
index c8cf6d70..50498ac2 100644
--- a/extlib/benz/read.c
+++ b/extlib/benz/read.c
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ static pic_value read_nullable(pic_state *pic, struct pic_port *port, int c);
 PIC_NORETURN static void
 read_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg)
 {
-  pic_throw(pic, pic->sREAD, msg, pic_nil_value());
+  struct pic_error *e;
+
+  e = pic_make_error(pic, pic->sREAD, msg, pic_nil_value());
+
+  pic_raise(pic, pic_obj_value(e));
 }
 
 static int