diff --git a/include/picrin.h b/include/picrin.h
index 5aa7454f..e9d8ab8b 100644
--- a/include/picrin.h
+++ b/include/picrin.h
@@ -157,7 +157,6 @@ pic_list pic_parse_cstr(pic_state *, const char *);
 pic_value pic_load(pic_state *, const char *);
 
 pic_value pic_apply(pic_state *, struct pic_proc *, pic_value);
-pic_value pic_apply_argv(pic_state *, struct pic_proc *, size_t, ...);
 pic_value pic_apply0(pic_state *, struct pic_proc *);
 pic_value pic_apply1(pic_state *, struct pic_proc *, pic_value);
 pic_value pic_apply2(pic_state *, struct pic_proc *, pic_value, pic_value);
diff --git a/include/picrin/cont.h b/include/picrin/cont.h
index 15ea1c3f..0367bb14 100644
--- a/include/picrin/cont.h
+++ b/include/picrin/cont.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct pic_cont {
     pic_block *_a;                                       \
     while (pic->blk) {                                   \
       if (pic->blk->out)                                 \
-        pic_apply_argv(pic, pic->blk->out, 0);           \
+        pic_apply0(pic, pic->blk->out);                  \
       _a = pic->blk->prev;                               \
       PIC_BLK_DECREF(pic, pic->blk);                     \
       pic->blk = _a;                                     \
diff --git a/src/cont.c b/src/cont.c
index 9d0379d9..9ee93c60 100644
--- a/src/cont.c
+++ b/src/cont.c
@@ -179,10 +179,10 @@ walk_to_block(pic_state *pic, pic_block *here, pic_block *there)
 
   if (here->depth < there->depth) {
     walk_to_block(pic, here, there->prev);
-    pic_apply_argv(pic, there->in, 0);
+    pic_apply0(pic, there->in);
   }
   else {
-    pic_apply_argv(pic, there->out, 0);
+    pic_apply0(pic, there->out);
     walk_to_block(pic, here->prev, there);
   }
 }
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ pic_callcc(pic_state *pic, struct pic_proc *proc)
     pic_proc_cv_init(pic, c, 1);
     pic_proc_cv_set(pic, c, 0, pic_obj_value(cont));
 
-    return pic_apply_argv(pic, proc, 1, pic_obj_value(c));
+    return pic_apply1(pic, proc, pic_obj_value(c));
   }
 }
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ pic_cont_dynamic_wind(pic_state *pic)
   pic_get_args(pic, "lll", &in, &thunk, &out);
 
   /* enter */
-  pic_apply_argv(pic, in, 0);
+  pic_apply0(pic, in);
   {
     pic_block *here;
 
@@ -283,13 +283,13 @@ pic_cont_dynamic_wind(pic_state *pic)
     pic->blk->refcnt = 1;
     PIC_BLK_INCREF(pic, here);
 
-    v = pic_apply_argv(pic, thunk, 0);
+    v = pic_apply0(pic, thunk);
 
     PIC_BLK_DECREF(pic, pic->blk);
     pic->blk = here;
   }
   /* exit */
-  pic_apply_argv(pic, out, 0);
+  pic_apply0(pic, out);
 
   return v;
 }
diff --git a/src/error.c b/src/error.c
index 75b815f1..fdc8e623 100644
--- a/src/error.c
+++ b/src/error.c
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ pic_error_with_exception_handler(pic_state *pic)
   pic_get_args(pic, "ll", &handler, &thunk);
 
   pic_try {
-    v = pic_apply_argv(pic, thunk, 0);
+    v = pic_apply0(pic, thunk);
   }
   pic_catch {
     struct pic_error *e = pic->err;
 
     pic->err = NULL;
-    v = pic_apply_argv(pic, handler, 1, pic_obj_value(e));
+    v = pic_apply1(pic, handler, pic_obj_value(e));
     pic_errorf(pic, "error handler returned ~s, by error ~s", v, pic_obj_value(e));
   }
   return v;
diff --git a/src/macro.c b/src/macro.c
index 224a0ee7..7703d5ee 100644
--- a/src/macro.c
+++ b/src/macro.c
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ er_macro_call(pic_state *pic)
 
   cb = pic_proc_ptr(pic_proc_cv_ref(pic, pic_get_proc(pic), 0));
 
-  return pic_apply_argv(pic, cb, 3, expr, pic_obj_value(rename), pic_obj_value(compare));
+  return pic_apply3(pic, cb, expr, pic_obj_value(rename), pic_obj_value(compare));
 }
 
 static pic_value
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ ir_macro_call(pic_state *pic)
   cb = pic_proc_ptr(pic_proc_cv_ref(pic, pic_get_proc(pic), 0));
 
   expr = ir_macro_wrap(pic, expr, pic_senv_ptr(use_env), &assoc);
-  expr = pic_apply_argv(pic, cb, 3, expr, pic_obj_value(inject), pic_obj_value(compare));
+  expr = pic_apply3(pic, cb, expr, pic_obj_value(inject), pic_obj_value(compare));
   expr = ir_macro_unwrap(pic, expr, pic_senv_ptr(mac_env), &assoc);
   return expr;
 }
diff --git a/src/var.c b/src/var.c
index f9aad077..6aa4e18a 100644
--- a/src/var.c
+++ b/src/var.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ void
 pic_var_set(pic_state *pic, struct pic_var *var, pic_value value)
 {
   if (var->conv) {
-    value = pic_apply_argv(pic, var->conv, 1, value);
+    value = pic_apply1(pic, var->conv, value);
   }
   pic_var_set_force(pic, var, value);
 }
diff --git a/src/vm.c b/src/vm.c
index d85a7f58..b94c8139 100644
--- a/src/vm.c
+++ b/src/vm.c
@@ -484,24 +484,6 @@ pic_apply5(pic_state *pic, struct pic_proc *proc, pic_value arg1, pic_value arg2
   return pic_apply(pic, proc, pic_list5(pic, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5));
 }
 
-pic_value
-pic_apply_argv(pic_state *pic, struct pic_proc *proc, size_t argc, ...)
-{
-  va_list ap;
-  pic_value v;
-
-  va_start(ap, argc);
-
-  v = pic_nil_value();
-  while (argc--) {
-    v = pic_cons(pic, va_arg(ap, pic_value), v);
-  }
-  v = pic_reverse(pic, v);
-
-  va_end(ap);
-  return pic_apply(pic, proc, v);
-}
-
 #if VM_DEBUG
 # define OPCODE_EXEC_HOOK pic_dump_code(c)
 #else