diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index ab36a943..752f450a 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -42,11 +42,14 @@ lib/mini-picrin: FORCE
 lib/libpicrin.a: FORCE
 	$(MAKE) -C lib libpicrin.a
 
-ext: lib/ext/eval.c
+ext: lib/ext/eval.c lib/ext/error.c
 
 lib/ext/eval.c: piclib/eval.scm
 	bin/picrin-bootstrap -c eval_rom piclib/eval.scm | bin/picrin-bootstrap tools/mkeval.scm > lib/ext/eval.c
 
+lib/ext/error.c: piclib/error.scm
+	bin/picrin-bootstrap -c error_rom piclib/error.scm | bin/picrin-bootstrap tools/mkerror.scm > lib/ext/error.c
+
 picrin: $(PICRIN_OBJS) $(CONTRIB_OBJS) ext lib/libpicrin.a
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $(PICRIN_OBJS) $(CONTRIB_OBJS) lib/libpicrin.a $(LDFLAGS)
 
diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
index 94e78ae7..3f0972ce 100644
--- a/lib/Makefile
+++ b/lib/Makefile
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ LIBPICRIN_SRCS = \
 	char.c\
 	data.c\
 	dict.c\
-	error.c\
 	gc.c\
 	number.c\
 	pair.c\
@@ -22,7 +21,8 @@ LIBPICRIN_SRCS = \
 	ext/eval.c\
 	ext/read.c\
 	ext/write.c\
-	ext/file.c
+	ext/file.c\
+	ext/error.c
 LIBPICRIN_OBJS = \
 	$(LIBPICRIN_SRCS:.c=.o)
 
diff --git a/lib/error.c b/lib/error.c
deleted file mode 100644
index c76d59a0..00000000
--- a/lib/error.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,311 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * See Copyright Notice in picrin.h
- */
-
-#include "picrin.h"
-#include "object.h"
-#include "state.h"
-
-void
-pic_panic(pic_state *pic, const char *msg)
-{
-  if (pic->panicf) {
-    pic->panicf(pic, msg);
-  }
-#if PIC_USE_LIBC
-  abort();
-#endif
-  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
-}
-
-void
-pic_warnf(pic_state *pic, const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-  va_list ap;
-  pic_value err;
-
-  va_start(ap, fmt);
-  err = pic_vstrf_value(pic, fmt, ap);
-  va_end(ap);
-  pic_fprintf(pic, pic_stderr(pic), "warn: %s\n", pic_str(pic, err, NULL));
-}
-
-#define pic_exc(pic) pic_ref(pic, "current-exception-handlers")
-
-#if PIC_USE_CALLCC
-
-PIC_JMPBUF *
-pic_prepare_try(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  struct context *cxt = pic_malloc(pic, sizeof(struct context));
-
-  cxt->pc = NULL;
-  cxt->fp = NULL;
-  cxt->sp = NULL;
-  cxt->irep = NULL;
-  cxt->conts = pic_nil_value(pic);
-  cxt->prev = pic->cxt;
-  pic->cxt = cxt;
-  return &cxt->jmp;
-}
-
-static pic_value
-native_exception_handler(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value err;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &err);
-
-  pic_call(pic, pic_closure_ref(pic, 0), 1, err);
-  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
-}
-
-void
-pic_enter_try(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value cont, handler;
-  pic_value var, env;
-
-  pic->cxt->ai = pic->ai;
-
-  /* call/cc */
-  cont = pic_make_cont(pic, pic_invalid_value(pic));
-  handler = pic_lambda(pic, native_exception_handler, 1, cont);
-  /* with-exception-handler */
-  var = pic_exc(pic);
-  env = pic_make_attr(pic);
-  pic_attr_set(pic, env, var, pic_cons(pic, handler, pic_call(pic, var, 0)));
-  pic->dyn_env = pic_cons(pic, env, pic->dyn_env);
-
-  pic_leave(pic, pic->cxt->ai);
-}
-
-void
-pic_exit_try(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  struct context *cxt = pic->cxt;
-  pic_value c, it;
-  pic->dyn_env = pic_cdr(pic, pic->dyn_env);
-  pic_for_each (c, cxt->conts, it) {
-    proc_ptr(pic, c)->env->regs[0] = pic_false_value(pic);
-  }
-  pic->cxt = cxt->prev;
-  pic_free(pic, cxt);
-  /* don't rewind ai here */
-}
-
-pic_value
-pic_abort_try(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  struct context *cxt = pic->cxt;
-  pic_value c, it;
-  pic_value err = cxt->sp->regs[1];
-  pic_for_each (c, cxt->conts, it) {
-    proc_ptr(pic, c)->env->regs[0] = pic_false_value(pic);
-  }
-  pic->cxt = cxt->prev;
-  pic_free(pic, cxt);
-  pic_protect(pic, err);
-  return err;
-}
-
-#else
-
-PIC_JMPBUF *pic_prepare_try(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic)) { return NULL; }
-void pic_enter_try(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic)) { }
-void pic_exit_try(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic)) { }
-pic_value pic_abort_try(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic)) { PIC_UNREACHABLE(); }
-
-#endif
-
-pic_value
-pic_make_error(pic_state *pic, const char *type, const char *msg, pic_value irrs)
-{
-  struct error *e;
-  pic_value ty = pic_intern_cstr(pic, type);
-
-  e = (struct error *)pic_obj_alloc(pic, PIC_TYPE_ERROR);
-  e->type = sym_ptr(pic, ty);
-  e->msg = str_ptr(pic, pic_cstr_value(pic, msg));
-  e->irrs = irrs;
-
-  return obj_value(pic, e);
-}
-
-static pic_value
-with_exception_handlers(pic_state *pic, pic_value handlers, pic_value thunk)
-{
-  pic_value var, env, r;
-  var = pic_exc(pic);
-  env = pic_make_attr(pic);
-  pic_attr_set(pic, env, var, handlers);
-  pic->dyn_env = pic_cons(pic, env, pic->dyn_env);
-  r = pic_call(pic, thunk, 0);
-  pic->dyn_env = pic_cdr(pic, pic->dyn_env);
-  return r;
-}
-
-static pic_value
-on_raise(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value handler, err, val;
-  bool continuable;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "");
-
-  handler = pic_closure_ref(pic, 0);
-  err = pic_closure_ref(pic, 1);
-  continuable = pic_bool(pic, pic_closure_ref(pic, 2));
-
-  val = pic_call(pic, handler, 1, err);
-  if (! continuable) {
-    pic_error(pic, "handler returned", 2, handler, err);
-  }
-  return val;
-}
-
-pic_value
-pic_raise_continuable(pic_state *pic, pic_value err)
-{
-  pic_value handlers, var = pic_exc(pic), thunk;
-
-  handlers = pic_call(pic, var, 0);
-
-  if (pic_nil_p(pic, handlers)) {
-    pic_panic(pic, "no exception handler");
-  }
-  thunk = pic_lambda(pic, on_raise, 3, pic_car(pic, handlers), err, pic_true_value(pic));
-  return with_exception_handlers(pic, pic_cdr(pic, handlers), thunk);
-}
-
-void
-pic_raise(pic_state *pic, pic_value err)
-{
-  pic_value handlers, var = pic_exc(pic), thunk;
-
-  handlers = pic_call(pic, var, 0);
-
-  if (pic_nil_p(pic, handlers)) {
-    pic_panic(pic, "no exception handler");
-  }
-  thunk = pic_lambda(pic, on_raise, 3, pic_car(pic, handlers), err, pic_false_value(pic));
-  with_exception_handlers(pic, pic_cdr(pic, handlers), thunk);
-  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
-}
-
-void
-pic_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int n, ...)
-{
-  va_list ap;
-  pic_value irrs;
-
-  va_start(ap, n);
-  irrs = pic_vlist(pic, n, ap);
-  va_end(ap);
-  pic_raise(pic, pic_make_error(pic, "", msg, irrs));
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_with_exception_handler(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value handler, thunk;
-  pic_value handlers, exc = pic_exc(pic);
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "ll", &handler, &thunk);
-
-  handlers = pic_call(pic, exc, 0);
-
-  return with_exception_handlers(pic, pic_cons(pic, handler, handlers), thunk);
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_raise(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value v;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &v);
-
-  pic_raise(pic, v);
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_raise_continuable(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value v;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &v);
-
-  return pic_raise_continuable(pic, v);
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_error(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  const char *cstr;
-  int argc;
-  pic_value *argv;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "z*", &cstr, &argc, &argv);
-
-  pic_raise(pic, pic_make_error(pic, "", cstr, pic_make_list(pic, argc, argv)));
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_error_object_p(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value v;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &v);
-
-  return pic_bool_value(pic, pic_error_p(pic, v));
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_error_object_message(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value e;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &e);
-
-  TYPE_CHECK(pic, e, error);
-
-  return obj_value(pic, error_ptr(pic, e)->msg);
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_error_object_irritants(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value e;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &e);
-
-  TYPE_CHECK(pic, e, error);
-
-  return error_ptr(pic, e)->irrs;
-}
-
-static pic_value
-pic_error_error_object_type(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_value e;
-
-  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &e);
-
-  TYPE_CHECK(pic, e, error);
-
-  return obj_value(pic, error_ptr(pic, e)->type);
-}
-
-void
-pic_init_error(pic_state *pic)
-{
-  pic_defvar(pic, "current-exception-handlers", pic_nil_value(pic));
-  pic_defun(pic, "with-exception-handler", pic_error_with_exception_handler);
-  pic_defun(pic, "raise", pic_error_raise);
-  pic_defun(pic, "raise-continuable", pic_error_raise_continuable);
-  pic_defun(pic, "error", pic_error_error);
-  pic_defun(pic, "error-object?", pic_error_error_object_p);
-  pic_defun(pic, "error-object-message", pic_error_error_object_message);
-  pic_defun(pic, "error-object-irritants", pic_error_error_object_irritants);
-  pic_defun(pic, "error-object-type", pic_error_error_object_type);
-}
diff --git a/lib/ext/error.c b/lib/ext/error.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02b4adac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/ext/error.c
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+/**
+ * See Copyright Notice in picrin.h
+ */
+
+#include "picrin.h"
+#include "../object.h"
+#include "../state.h"
+
+#if PIC_USE_ERROR
+
+# define pic_exc(pic) pic_ref(pic, "current-exception-handlers")
+
+PIC_JMPBUF *
+pic_prepare_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  struct context *cxt = pic_malloc(pic, sizeof(struct context));
+
+  cxt->pc = NULL;
+  cxt->fp = NULL;
+  cxt->sp = NULL;
+  cxt->irep = NULL;
+  cxt->conts = pic_nil_value(pic);
+  cxt->prev = pic->cxt;
+  pic->cxt = cxt;
+  return &cxt->jmp;
+}
+
+static pic_value
+native_exception_handler(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  pic_value err;
+
+  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &err);
+
+  pic_call(pic, pic_closure_ref(pic, 0), 1, err);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+void
+pic_enter_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  pic_value cont, handler;
+  pic_value var, env;
+
+  pic->cxt->ai = pic->ai;
+
+  /* call/cc */
+  cont = pic_make_cont(pic, pic_invalid_value(pic));
+  handler = pic_lambda(pic, native_exception_handler, 1, cont);
+  /* with-exception-handler */
+  var = pic_exc(pic);
+  env = pic_make_attr(pic);
+  pic_attr_set(pic, env, var, pic_cons(pic, handler, pic_call(pic, var, 0)));
+  pic->dyn_env = pic_cons(pic, env, pic->dyn_env);
+
+  pic_leave(pic, pic->cxt->ai);
+}
+
+void
+pic_exit_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  struct context *cxt = pic->cxt;
+  pic_value c, it;
+  pic->dyn_env = pic_cdr(pic, pic->dyn_env);
+  pic_for_each (c, cxt->conts, it) {
+    proc_ptr(pic, c)->env->regs[0] = pic_false_value(pic);
+  }
+  pic->cxt = cxt->prev;
+  pic_free(pic, cxt);
+  /* don't rewind ai here */
+}
+
+pic_value
+pic_abort_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  struct context *cxt = pic->cxt;
+  pic_value c, it;
+  pic_value err = cxt->sp->regs[1];
+  pic_for_each (c, cxt->conts, it) {
+    proc_ptr(pic, c)->env->regs[0] = pic_false_value(pic);
+  }
+  pic->cxt = cxt->prev;
+  pic_free(pic, cxt);
+  pic_protect(pic, err);
+  return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+#if PIC_USE_ERROR
+static const unsigned char error_rom[] = {
+0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x05,
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+0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02,
+0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04,
+0x01, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6e,
+0x75, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04,
+0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x75, 0x72, 0x72, 0x65,
+0x6e, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2d, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x72,
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+0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01,
+0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x06, 0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x04,
+0x02, 0x02, 0x03, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x04, 0x02, 0x00,
+0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+0x02, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2d, 0x6f,
+0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01,
+0x00, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x06, 0x01, 0x01,
+0x26, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x61, 0x70, 0x70,
+0x6c, 0x79, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x02,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04,
+0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x04, 0x02, 0x04, 0x02, 0x04, 0x03, 0x03, 0x02, 0x04,
+0x04, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x04, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00,
+0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2d, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74,
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+0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f,
+0x72, 0x2d, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70,
+0x65, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x02, 0x06, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x00,
+0x01, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x01, 0x00, 0x11,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x02,
+0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x03, 0x05, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00,
+0x01, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2d, 0x00,
+0x04, 0x00, 0x09, 0x02, 0x04, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x04,
+0x03, 0x06, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x01, 0x01, 0x10, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72,
+0x3a, 0x20, 0x22, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x06, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03,
+0x02, 0x00, 0x04, 0x03, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01,
+0x01, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x72,
+0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2d, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x6d,
+0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01,
+0x00, 0x04, 0x02, 0x06, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x01, 0x00,
+0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x08, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04,
+0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x03, 0x05, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04,
+0x01, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x22,
+0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x09, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,
+0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x16,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2d, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a,
+0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x69, 0x72, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x74,
+0x73, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04, 0x02, 0x09, 0x02,
+0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x02, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
+0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2d, 0x65, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68,
+0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x04, 0x03,
+0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00,
+0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x02,
+0x04, 0x01, 0x07, 0x01, 0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x04, 0x03, 0x09, 0x02, 0x01,
+0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x05, 0x01, 0x01, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01,
+0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00,
+0x03, 0x02, 0x00, 0x04, 0x03, 0x09, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05,
+0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x77,
+0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x65, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,
+0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x03, 0x0a, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00,
+0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+0x64, 0x69, 0x73, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x79, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
+0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x0c, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 
+};
+#endif
+
+void
+pic_init_error(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic))
+{
+#if PIC_USE_ERROR
+  pic_call(pic, pic_deserialize(pic, pic_blob_value(pic, error_rom, sizeof error_rom)), 0);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/lib/ext/file.c b/lib/ext/file.c
index 33bc5440..d2b5b5c3 100644
--- a/lib/ext/file.c
+++ b/lib/ext/file.c
@@ -75,13 +75,24 @@ pic_fopen(pic_state *pic, FILE *fp, const char *mode) {
   }
 }
 
+#if !PIC_USE_ERROR
+# define file_error pic_error
+#else
 PIC_NORETURN static void
-file_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, const char *fname)
+file_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int n, ...)
 {
-  pic_value fn = pic_cstr_value(pic, fname);
+  va_list ap;
+  pic_value e, irrs;
 
-  pic_raise(pic, pic_make_error(pic, "file", msg, pic_list(pic, 1, fn)));
+  va_start(ap, n);
+  irrs = pic_vlist(pic, n, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  e = pic_funcall(pic, "make-error-object", 3, pic_intern_lit(pic, "file"), pic_cstr_value(pic, msg), irrs);
+  pic_funcall(pic, "raise", 1, e);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
 }
+#endif
 
 pic_value
 pic_file_open_input_file(pic_state *pic)
@@ -92,7 +103,7 @@ pic_file_open_input_file(pic_state *pic)
   pic_get_args(pic, "z", &fname);
 
   if ((fp = fopen(fname, "r")) == NULL) {
-    file_error(pic, "could not open file", fname);
+    file_error(pic, "could not open file", 1, pic_cstr_value(pic, fname));
   }
   return pic_fopen(pic, fp, "r");
 }
@@ -106,7 +117,7 @@ pic_file_open_output_file(pic_state *pic)
   pic_get_args(pic, "z", &fname);
 
   if ((fp = fopen(fname, "w")) == NULL) {
-    file_error(pic, "could not open file", fname);
+    file_error(pic, "could not open file", 1, pic_cstr_value(pic, fname));
   }
   return pic_fopen(pic, fp, "w");
 }
@@ -134,7 +145,7 @@ pic_file_delete(pic_state *pic)
   pic_get_args(pic, "z", &fname);
 
   if (remove(fname) != 0) {
-    file_error(pic, "file cannot be deleted", fname);
+    file_error(pic, "file cannot be deleted", 1, pic_cstr_value(pic, fname));
   }
   return pic_undef_value(pic);
 }
diff --git a/lib/ext/main.c b/lib/ext/main.c
index 12c04de3..acb17dda 100644
--- a/lib/ext/main.c
+++ b/lib/ext/main.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
   pic_state *pic;
   pic_value e, port;
 
-  pic = pic_open(pic_default_allocf, NULL);
+  pic = pic_open(pic_default_allocf, NULL, pic_default_panicf);
 
   pic_try {
     if (argc == 1) {            /* repl */
diff --git a/lib/ext/read.c b/lib/ext/read.c
index 23e9e19f..b374e3d8 100644
--- a/lib/ext/read.c
+++ b/lib/ext/read.c
@@ -30,11 +30,24 @@ static pic_reader_t reader_dispatch[256];
 static pic_value read_core(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p);
 static pic_value read_nullable(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p);
 
+#if !PIC_USE_ERROR
+# define read_error pic_error
+#else
 PIC_NORETURN static void
-read_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, pic_value irritants)
+read_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int n, ...)
 {
-  pic_raise(pic, pic_make_error(pic, "read", msg, irritants));
+  va_list ap;
+  pic_value e, irrs;
+
+  va_start(ap, n);
+  irrs = pic_vlist(pic, n, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  e = pic_funcall(pic, "make-error-object", 3, pic_intern_lit(pic, "read"), pic_cstr_value(pic, msg), irrs);
+  pic_funcall(pic, "raise", 1, e);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
 }
+#endif
 
 static int
 skip(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c)
@@ -252,7 +265,7 @@ read_uinteger(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *PIC_
   unsigned u = 0;
 
   if (! isdigit(c)) {
-    read_error(pic, "expected one or more digits", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "expected one or more digits", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
 
   u = c - '0';
@@ -268,10 +281,10 @@ read_true(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *PIC_UNUS
 {
   if ((c = peek(pic, port)) == 'r') {
     if (! expect(pic, port, "rue")) {
-      read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading #true", pic_nil_value(pic));
+      read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading #true", 0);
     }
   } else if (! isdelim(c)) {
-    read_error(pic, "non-delimiter character given after #t", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "non-delimiter character given after #t", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
 
   return pic_true_value(pic);
@@ -282,10 +295,10 @@ read_false(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *PIC_UNU
 {
   if ((c = peek(pic, port)) == 'a') {
     if (! expect(pic, port, "alse")) {
-      read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading #false", pic_nil_value(pic));
+      read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading #false", 0);
     }
   } else if (! isdelim(c)) {
-    read_error(pic, "non-delimiter character given after #f", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "non-delimiter character given after #f", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
 
   return pic_false_value(pic);
@@ -298,7 +311,7 @@ read_char(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *PIC_UNUS
 
   if (! isdelim(peek(pic, port))) {
     switch (c) {
-    default: read_error(pic, "unexpected character after char literal", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    default: read_error(pic, "unexpected character after char literal", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
     case 'a': c = '\a'; if (! expect(pic, port, "larm")) goto fail; break;
     case 'b': c = '\b'; if (! expect(pic, port, "ackspace")) goto fail; break;
     case 'd': c = 0x7F; if (! expect(pic, port, "elete")) goto fail; break;
@@ -323,7 +336,7 @@ read_char(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *PIC_UNUS
   return pic_char_value(pic, (char)c);
 
  fail:
-  read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading character literal", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+  read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading character literal", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
 }
 
 static pic_value
@@ -386,7 +399,7 @@ read_pipe(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *PIC_UNUS
         i = 0;
         while ((HEX_BUF[i++] = (char)next(pic, port)) != ';') {
           if (i >= sizeof HEX_BUF)
-            read_error(pic, "expected ';'", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, HEX_BUF[sizeof(HEX_BUF) - 1])));
+            read_error(pic, "expected ';'", 1, pic_char_value(pic, HEX_BUF[sizeof(HEX_BUF) - 1]));
         }
         c = (char)strtol(HEX_BUF, NULL, 16);
         break;
@@ -420,11 +433,11 @@ read_blob(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p)
   }
 
   if (nbits != 8) {
-    read_error(pic, "unsupported bytevector bit width", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_int_value(pic, nbits)));
+    read_error(pic, "unsupported bytevector bit width", 1, pic_int_value(pic, nbits));
   }
 
   if (c != '(') {
-    read_error(pic, "expected '(' character", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "expected '(' character", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
 
   len = 0;
@@ -433,7 +446,7 @@ read_blob(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p)
   while ((c = skip(pic, port, c)) != ')') {
     n = read_uinteger(pic, port, c, p);
     if (n < 0 || (1 << nbits) <= n) {
-      read_error(pic, "invalid element in bytevector literal", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_int_value(pic, n)));
+      read_error(pic, "invalid element in bytevector literal", 1, pic_int_value(pic, n));
     }
     len += 1;
     dat = pic_realloc(pic, dat, len);
@@ -452,12 +465,12 @@ read_undef_or_blob(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control
 {
   if ((c = peek(pic, port)) == 'n') {
     if (! expect(pic, port, "ndefined")) {
-      read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading #undefined", pic_nil_value(pic));
+      read_error(pic, "unexpected character while reading #undefined", 0);
     }
     return pic_undef_value(pic);
   }
   if (! isdigit(c)) {
-    read_error(pic, "expect #undefined or #u8(...), but illegal character given", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "expect #undefined or #u8(...), but illegal character given", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
   return read_blob(pic, port, 'u', p);
 }
@@ -483,7 +496,7 @@ read_pair(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p)
       if (pic_invalid_p(pic, read_nullable(pic, port, c, p))) {
         goto closing;
       }
-      read_error(pic, "unmatched parenthesis", pic_nil_value(pic));
+      read_error(pic, "unmatched parenthesis", 0);
     }
     return cdr;
   }
@@ -579,7 +592,7 @@ read_label_ref(pic_state *pic, pic_value PIC_UNUSED(port), int i, struct reader_
 
   it = kh_get(read, h, i);
   if (it == kh_end(h)) {
-    read_error(pic, "label of given index not defined", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_int_value(pic, i)));
+    read_error(pic, "label of given index not defined", 1, pic_int_value(pic, i));
   }
   return kh_val(h, it);
 }
@@ -600,13 +613,13 @@ read_label(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p)
   if (c == '#') {
     return read_label_ref(pic, port, i, p);
   }
-  read_error(pic, "broken label expression", pic_nil_value(pic));
+  read_error(pic, "broken label expression", 0);
 }
 
 static pic_value
 read_unmatch(pic_state *pic, pic_value PIC_UNUSED(port), int PIC_UNUSED(c), struct reader_control *PIC_UNUSED(p))
 {
-  read_error(pic, "unmatched parenthesis", pic_nil_value(pic));
+  read_error(pic, "unmatched parenthesis", 0);
 }
 
 static pic_value
@@ -615,11 +628,11 @@ read_dispatch(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p)
   c = next(pic, port);
 
   if (c == EOF) {
-    read_error(pic, "unexpected EOF", pic_nil_value(pic));
+    read_error(pic, "unexpected EOF", 0);
   }
 
   if (reader_dispatch[c] == NULL) {
-    read_error(pic, "invalid character at the seeker head", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "invalid character at the seeker head", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
 
   return reader_dispatch[c](pic, port, c, p);
@@ -631,11 +644,11 @@ read_nullable(pic_state *pic, pic_value port, int c, struct reader_control *p)
   c = skip(pic, port, c);
 
   if (c == EOF) {
-    read_error(pic, "unexpected EOF", pic_nil_value(pic));
+    read_error(pic, "unexpected EOF", 0);
   }
 
   if (reader_table[c] == NULL) {
-    read_error(pic, "invalid character at the seeker head", pic_list(pic, 1, pic_char_value(pic, c)));
+    read_error(pic, "invalid character at the seeker head", 1, pic_char_value(pic, c));
   }
 
   return reader_table[c](pic, port, c, p);
@@ -708,46 +721,48 @@ reader_table_init(void)
 }
 
 static void
-reader_init(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic), struct reader_control *p)
+destroy_reader_control(pic_state *pic, void *ptr)
 {
-  p->typecase = CASE_DEFAULT;
-  kh_init(read, &p->labels);
+  struct reader_control *p = ptr;
+
+  kh_destroy(read, &p->labels);
+  pic_free(pic, ptr);
 }
 
-static void
-reader_destroy(pic_state *pic, struct reader_control *p)
+static struct reader_control *
+make_reader_control(pic_state *pic)
 {
-  kh_destroy(read, &p->labels);
+  struct reader_control *p;
+  static const pic_data_type t = { "pic_reader_control", destroy_reader_control };
+
+  p = pic_malloc(pic, sizeof *p);
+  p->typecase = CASE_DEFAULT;
+  kh_init(read, &p->labels);
+
+  pic_data_value(pic, p, &t);
+
+  return p;
 }
 
 static pic_value
 read_value(pic_state *pic, pic_value port)
 {
-  struct reader_control p;
-  size_t ai = pic_enter(pic);
+  struct reader_control *p = make_reader_control(pic);
+  size_t ai;
   pic_value val;
   int c;
-  pic_value e;
 
-  reader_init(pic, &p);
+  ai = pic_enter(pic);
+  while ((c = skip(pic, port, next(pic, port))) != EOF) {
+    val = read_nullable(pic, port, c, p);
 
-  pic_try {
-    size_t ai = pic_enter(pic);
-    while ((c = skip(pic, port, next(pic, port))) != EOF) {
-      val = read_nullable(pic, port, c, &p);
-
-      if (! pic_invalid_p(pic, val)) {
-        break;
-      }
-      pic_leave(pic, ai);
-    }
-    if (c == EOF) {
-      val = pic_eof_object(pic);
+    if (! pic_invalid_p(pic, val)) {
+      break;
     }
+    pic_leave(pic, ai);
   }
-  pic_catch(e) {
-    reader_destroy(pic, &p);
-    pic_raise(pic, e);
+  if (c == EOF) {
+    val = pic_eof_object(pic);
   }
 
   pic_leave(pic, ai);
diff --git a/lib/ext/write.c b/lib/ext/write.c
index bc960963..de54b788 100644
--- a/lib/ext/write.c
+++ b/lib/ext/write.c
@@ -296,33 +296,6 @@ write_record(pic_state *pic, pic_value obj, pic_value port, struct writer_contro
   pic_fprintf(pic, port, ">");
 }
 
-static void
-write_error(pic_state *pic, pic_value err, pic_value port, struct writer_control *p)
-{
-  if (p->mode == WRITE_MODE) {
-    pic_fprintf(pic, port, "#<error %p>", obj_ptr(pic, err));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (! pic_error_p(pic, err)) {
-    pic_fprintf(pic, port, "raise: ~s", err);
-  } else {
-    struct error *e;
-    pic_value elem, it;
-
-    e = error_ptr(pic, err);
-    if (! pic_eq_p(pic, obj_value(pic, e->type), pic_intern_lit(pic, ""))) {
-      pic_fprintf(pic, port, "~s-", obj_value(pic, e->type));
-    }
-    pic_fprintf(pic, port, "error: \"~a\"", obj_value(pic, e->msg));
-
-    pic_for_each (elem, e->irrs, it) { /* print error irritants */
-      pic_fprintf(pic, port, " ~s", elem);
-    }
-    pic_fprintf(pic, port, "\n");
-  }
-}
-
 static const char *
 typename(pic_state *pic, pic_value obj)
 {
@@ -356,8 +329,6 @@ typename(pic_state *pic, pic_value obj)
     return "bytevector";
   case PIC_TYPE_PORT:
     return "port";
-  case PIC_TYPE_ERROR:
-    return "error";
   case PIC_TYPE_FRAME:
     return "frame";
   case PIC_TYPE_IREP:
@@ -441,9 +412,6 @@ write_core(pic_state *pic, pic_value obj, pic_value port, struct writer_control
   case PIC_TYPE_RECORD:
     write_record(pic, obj, port, p);
     break;
-  case PIC_TYPE_ERROR:
-    write_error(pic, obj, port, p);
-    break;
   default:
     pic_fprintf(pic, port, "#<%s %p>", typename(pic, obj), obj_ptr(pic, obj));
     break;
diff --git a/lib/gc.c b/lib/gc.c
index 9a56623a..ea9493f5 100644
--- a/lib/gc.c
+++ b/lib/gc.c
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ struct object {
     struct proc proc;
     struct frame frame;
     struct port port;
-    struct error err;
     struct irep irep;
   } u;
 };
@@ -104,9 +103,11 @@ pic_malloc(pic_state *pic, size_t size)
 {
   void *ptr;
 
+ retry:
   ptr = pic->allocf(pic->userdata, NULL, size);
   if (ptr == NULL && size > 0) {
-    pic_panic(pic, "memory exhausted");
+    pic->panicf(pic, "out of memory", 0, NULL);
+    goto retry;
   }
   return ptr;
 }
@@ -114,9 +115,11 @@ pic_malloc(pic_state *pic, size_t size)
 void *
 pic_realloc(pic_state *pic, void *ptr, size_t size)
 {
+ retry:
   ptr = pic->allocf(pic->userdata, ptr, size);
   if (ptr == NULL && size > 0) {
-    pic_panic(pic, "memory exhausted");
+    pic->panicf(pic, "out of memory", 0, NULL);
+    goto retry;
   }
   return ptr;
 }
@@ -127,9 +130,11 @@ pic_calloc(pic_state *pic, size_t count, size_t size)
   void *ptr;
 
   size *= count;
+ retry:
   ptr = pic->allocf(pic->userdata, NULL, size);
   if (ptr == NULL && size > 0) {
-    pic_panic(pic, "memory exhausted");
+    pic->panicf(pic, "out of memory", 0, NULL);
+    goto retry;
   }
   memset(ptr, 0, size);
   return ptr;
@@ -263,12 +268,6 @@ gc_mark_object(pic_state *pic, struct object *obj)
   case PIC_TYPE_PORT: {
     break;
   }
-  case PIC_TYPE_ERROR: {
-    gc_mark_object(pic, (struct object *)obj->u.err.type);
-    gc_mark(pic, obj->u.err.irrs);
-    LOOP(obj->u.err.msg);
-    break;
-  }
   case PIC_TYPE_STRING: {
     break;
   }
@@ -434,7 +433,6 @@ gc_finalize_object(pic_state *pic, struct object *obj)
   }
 
   case PIC_TYPE_PAIR:
-  case PIC_TYPE_ERROR:
   case PIC_TYPE_RECORD:
   case PIC_TYPE_PROC_FUNC:
   case PIC_TYPE_PROC_IREP:
@@ -460,7 +458,6 @@ type2size(int type)
   case PIC_TYPE_PORT: return sizeof(struct port);
   case PIC_TYPE_PAIR: return sizeof(struct pair);
   case PIC_TYPE_FRAME: return sizeof(struct frame);
-  case PIC_TYPE_ERROR: return sizeof(struct error);
   case PIC_TYPE_RECORD: return sizeof(struct record);
   case PIC_TYPE_PROC_FUNC: return sizeof(struct proc);
   case PIC_TYPE_PROC_IREP: return sizeof(struct proc);
@@ -669,9 +666,12 @@ pic_obj_alloc_unsafe(pic_state *pic, int type)
   obj = obj_alloc(pic, type);
   if (obj == NULL) {
     pic_gc(pic);
+  retry:
     obj = obj_alloc(pic, type);
-    if (obj == NULL)
-      pic_panic(pic, "GC memory exhausted");
+    if (obj == NULL) {
+      pic->panicf(pic, "out of memory", 0, NULL);
+      goto retry;
+    }
   }
 
   return obj;
diff --git a/lib/include/picconf.h b/lib/include/picconf.h
index 48311f90..3df8bd72 100644
--- a/lib/include/picconf.h
+++ b/lib/include/picconf.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 /* #define PIC_USE_WRITE 1 */
 /* #define PIC_USE_EVAL 1 */
 /* #define PIC_USE_FILE 1 */
+/* #define PIC_USE_ERROR 1 */
 
 /**
  * I/O configuration
diff --git a/lib/include/picrin.h b/lib/include/picrin.h
index d9f4a96a..0e81485c 100644
--- a/lib/include/picrin.h
+++ b/lib/include/picrin.h
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ typedef struct {
  */
 
 typedef void *(*pic_allocf)(void *userdata, void *ptr, size_t n);
-pic_state *pic_open(pic_allocf f, void *userdata);
+typedef void (*pic_panicf)(pic_state *, const char *msg, int n, pic_value *args);
+pic_state *pic_open(pic_allocf allocf, void *userdata, pic_panicf panicf);
 void pic_close(pic_state *);
 
 
@@ -291,39 +292,6 @@ pic_value pic_fmemopen(pic_state *, const char *buf, int len, const char *mode);
 int pic_fgetbuf(pic_state *, pic_value port, const char **buf, int *len); /* deprecated */
 
 
-/*
- * error handling
- */
-
-typedef void (*pic_panicf)(pic_state *, const char *msg);
-pic_panicf pic_atpanic(pic_state *, pic_panicf f);
-PIC_NORETURN void pic_panic(pic_state *, const char *msg);
-pic_value pic_raise_continuable(pic_state *pic, pic_value err);
-PIC_NORETURN void pic_raise(pic_state *, pic_value v);
-PIC_NORETURN void pic_error(pic_state *, const char *msg, int n, ...);
-
-#define pic_try pic_try_(PIC_GENSYM(jmp))
-#define pic_try_(jmp)                                                   \
-  do {                                                                  \
-    extern PIC_JMPBUF *pic_prepare_try(pic_state *);                    \
-    extern void pic_enter_try(pic_state *);                             \
-    extern void pic_exit_try(pic_state *);                              \
-    extern pic_value pic_abort_try(pic_state *);                        \
-    PIC_JMPBUF *jmp = pic_prepare_try(pic);                             \
-    if (PIC_SETJMP(*jmp) == 0) {                                        \
-      pic_enter_try(pic);
-#define pic_catch(e) pic_catch_(e, PIC_GENSYM(label))
-#define pic_catch_(e, label)                              \
-      pic_exit_try(pic);                                  \
-    } else {                                              \
-      e = pic_abort_try(pic);                             \
-      goto label;                                         \
-    }                                                     \
-  } while (0);                                            \
-  if (0)                                                  \
-  label:
-
-
 /*
  * core language features
  */
@@ -338,6 +306,8 @@ void pic_defvar(pic_state *, const char *name, pic_value v);
 pic_value pic_funcall(pic_state *, const char *name, int n, ...);
 pic_value pic_values(pic_state *, int n, ...);
 pic_value pic_vvalues(pic_state *, int n, va_list);
+PIC_NORETURN void pic_error(pic_state *, const char *msg, int n, ...);
+PIC_NORETURN void pic_verror(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int n, va_list ap);
 
 
 /*
diff --git a/lib/include/picrin/extra.h b/lib/include/picrin/extra.h
index 7e1d481a..43d2e6a1 100644
--- a/lib/include/picrin/extra.h
+++ b/lib/include/picrin/extra.h
@@ -11,12 +11,36 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #if PIC_USE_LIBC
 void *pic_default_allocf(void *, void *, size_t);
+void pic_default_panicf(pic_state *, const char *, int, pic_value *);
 #endif
 
 #if PIC_USE_FILE
 pic_value pic_fopen(pic_state *, FILE *, const char *mode);
 #endif
 
+#if PIC_USE_ERROR
+# define pic_try pic_try_(PIC_GENSYM(jmp))
+# define pic_try_(jmp)                                                  \
+  do {                                                                  \
+    extern PIC_JMPBUF *pic_prepare_try(pic_state *);                    \
+    extern void pic_enter_try(pic_state *);                             \
+    extern void pic_exit_try(pic_state *);                              \
+    extern pic_value pic_abort_try(pic_state *);                        \
+    PIC_JMPBUF *jmp = pic_prepare_try(pic);                             \
+    if (PIC_SETJMP(*jmp) == 0) {                                        \
+      pic_enter_try(pic);
+# define pic_catch(e) pic_catch_(e, PIC_GENSYM(label))
+# define pic_catch_(e, label)                             \
+      pic_exit_try(pic);                                  \
+    } else {                                              \
+      e = pic_abort_try(pic);                             \
+      goto label;                                         \
+    }                                                     \
+  } while (0);                                            \
+  if (0)                                                  \
+  label:
+#endif
+
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/lib/include/picrin/setup.h b/lib/include/picrin/setup.h
index 0f4fd3d1..765987cc 100644
--- a/lib/include/picrin/setup.h
+++ b/lib/include/picrin/setup.h
@@ -28,12 +28,19 @@
 # define PIC_USE_FILE 1
 #endif
 
+#ifndef PIC_USE_ERROR
+# define PIC_USE_ERROR 1
+#endif
+
 #if !PIC_USE_LIBC && PIC_USE_FILE
 # error PIC_USE_FILE requires PIC_USE_LIBC
 #endif
 #if !PIC_USE_LIBC && PIC_USE_CALLCC
 # error PIC_USE_CALLCC requires PIC_USE_LIBC
 #endif
+#if !PIC_USE_CALLCC && PIC_USE_ERROR
+# error PIC_USE_ERROR requires PIC_USE_CALLCC
+#endif
 
 #if PIC_USE_CALLCC
 # include <setjmp.h>
diff --git a/lib/include/picrin/value.h b/lib/include/picrin/value.h
index a855d7d8..56fa45c7 100644
--- a/lib/include/picrin/value.h
+++ b/lib/include/picrin/value.h
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ enum {
   PIC_TYPE_RECORD    = 23,
   PIC_TYPE_ATTR      = 24,
   PIC_TYPE_PORT      = 25,
-  PIC_TYPE_ERROR     = 26,
   PIC_TYPE_IREP      = 27,
   PIC_TYPE_FRAME     = 28,
   PIC_TYPE_PROC_FUNC = 29,
@@ -222,7 +221,6 @@ DEFPRED(pic_false_p, PIC_TYPE_FALSE)
 DEFPRED(pic_str_p, PIC_TYPE_STRING)
 DEFPRED(pic_vec_p, PIC_TYPE_VECTOR)
 DEFPRED(pic_blob_p, PIC_TYPE_BLOB)
-DEFPRED(pic_error_p, PIC_TYPE_ERROR)
 DEFPRED(pic_dict_p, PIC_TYPE_DICT)
 DEFPRED(pic_attr_p, PIC_TYPE_ATTR)
 DEFPRED(pic_rec_p, PIC_TYPE_RECORD)
diff --git a/lib/object.h b/lib/object.h
index b85f669d..7a741306 100644
--- a/lib/object.h
+++ b/lib/object.h
@@ -152,18 +152,10 @@ struct port {
   } file;
 };
 
-struct error {
-  OBJECT_HEADER
-  struct symbol *type;
-  struct string *msg;
-  pic_value irrs;
-};
-
 #define TYPENAME_int   "integer"
 #define TYPENAME_blob  "bytevector"
 #define TYPENAME_char  "character"
 #define TYPENAME_sym   "symbol"
-#define TYPENAME_error "error"
 #define TYPENAME_proc  "procedure"
 #define TYPENAME_str   "string"
 #define TYPENAME_vec   "vector"
@@ -257,7 +249,6 @@ DEFPTR(attr, struct attr)
 DEFPTR(data, struct data)
 DEFPTR(proc, struct proc)
 DEFPTR(port, struct port)
-DEFPTR(error, struct error)
 DEFPTR(rec, struct record)
 DEFPTR(irep, struct irep)
 #undef pic_data_p
@@ -273,7 +264,6 @@ pic_value pic_make_record(pic_state *, pic_value type, pic_value datum);
 pic_value pic_record_type(pic_state *pic, pic_value record);
 pic_value pic_record_datum(pic_state *pic, pic_value record);
 pic_value pic_make_cont(pic_state *pic, pic_value k);
-pic_value pic_make_error(pic_state *, const char *type, const char *msg, pic_value irrs);
 
 struct rope *pic_rope_incref(struct rope *);
 void pic_rope_decref(pic_state *, struct rope *);
diff --git a/lib/state.c b/lib/state.c
index dd19bdf2..926a2d5a 100644
--- a/lib/state.c
+++ b/lib/state.c
@@ -29,11 +29,25 @@ pic_state_global_objects(pic_state *pic)
   return pic->globals;
 }
 
+static pic_value
+pic_state_error(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  const char *msg;
+  int argc;
+  pic_value *args;
+
+  pic_get_args(pic, "z*", &msg, &argc, &args);
+
+  pic->panicf(pic, msg, argc, args);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
 static void
 pic_init_state(pic_state *pic)
 {
   pic_defun(pic, "features", pic_state_features);
   pic_defun(pic, "global-objects", pic_state_global_objects);
+  pic_defun(pic, "error", pic_state_error);
 
   pic_add_feature(pic, "picrin");
 
@@ -128,7 +142,6 @@ pic_init_core(pic_state *pic)
   pic_init_vector(pic); DONE;
   pic_init_blob(pic); DONE;
   pic_init_char(pic); DONE;
-  pic_init_error(pic); DONE;
   pic_init_str(pic); DONE;
   pic_init_var(pic); DONE;
   pic_init_dict(pic); DONE;
@@ -151,10 +164,13 @@ pic_init_core(pic_state *pic)
 #if PIC_USE_EVAL
   pic_init_eval(pic); DONE;
 #endif
+#if PIC_USE_ERROR
+  pic_init_error(pic); DONE;
+#endif
 }
 
 pic_state *
-pic_open(pic_allocf allocf, void *userdata)
+pic_open(pic_allocf allocf, void *userdata, pic_panicf panicf)
 {
   pic_state *pic;
 
@@ -170,6 +186,9 @@ pic_open(pic_allocf allocf, void *userdata)
   /* user data */
   pic->userdata = userdata;
 
+  /* panic handler */
+  pic->panicf = panicf;
+
   /* context */
   pic->default_cxt.ai = 0;
   pic->default_cxt.pc = NULL;
@@ -280,6 +299,20 @@ pic_close(pic_state *pic)
   allocf(pic->userdata, pic, 0);
 }
 
+void
+pic_warnf(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic), const char *PIC_UNUSED(fmt), ...)
+{
+#if PIC_USE_FILE
+  va_list ap;
+  pic_value err;
+
+  va_start(ap, fmt);
+  err = pic_vstrf_value(pic, fmt, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  pic_fprintf(pic, pic_stderr(pic), "warn: %s\n", pic_str(pic, err, NULL));
+#endif
+}
+
 pic_value
 pic_global_ref(pic_state *pic, pic_value sym)
 {
@@ -353,3 +386,40 @@ pic_funcall(pic_state *pic, const char *name, int n, ...)
   pic_leave(pic, ai);
   return pic_protect(pic, r);
 }
+
+#if PIC_USE_LIBC
+void
+pic_default_panicf(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int PIC_UNUSED(n), pic_value *PIC_UNUSED(args))
+{
+  fprintf(stderr, "panic!: %s\n", msg);
+  abort();
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+pic_error(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int n, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+
+  va_start(ap, n);
+  pic_verror(pic, msg, n, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+void
+pic_verror(pic_state *pic, const char *msg, int n, va_list ap)
+{
+  pic_value error = pic_ref(pic, "error");
+  int i;
+  pic_value *args;
+
+  args = pic_alloca(pic, sizeof(pic_value) * (n + 1));
+  args[0] = pic_cstr_value(pic, msg);
+  for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    args[i + 1] = va_arg(ap, pic_value);
+  }
+
+  pic_apply(pic, error, n + 1, args);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
+}
diff --git a/piclib/error.c b/piclib/error.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96f85d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/piclib/error.c
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/**
+ * See Copyright Notice in picrin.h
+ */
+
+#include "picrin.h"
+#include "../object.h"
+#include "../state.h"
+
+#if PIC_USE_ERROR
+
+# define pic_exc(pic) pic_ref(pic, "current-exception-handlers")
+
+PIC_JMPBUF *
+pic_prepare_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  struct context *cxt = pic_malloc(pic, sizeof(struct context));
+
+  cxt->pc = NULL;
+  cxt->fp = NULL;
+  cxt->sp = NULL;
+  cxt->irep = NULL;
+  cxt->conts = pic_nil_value(pic);
+  cxt->prev = pic->cxt;
+  pic->cxt = cxt;
+  return &cxt->jmp;
+}
+
+static pic_value
+native_exception_handler(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  pic_value err;
+
+  pic_get_args(pic, "o", &err);
+
+  pic_call(pic, pic_closure_ref(pic, 0), 1, err);
+  PIC_UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+void
+pic_enter_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  pic_value cont, handler;
+  pic_value var, env;
+
+  pic->cxt->ai = pic->ai;
+
+  /* call/cc */
+  cont = pic_make_cont(pic, pic_invalid_value(pic));
+  handler = pic_lambda(pic, native_exception_handler, 1, cont);
+  /* with-exception-handler */
+  var = pic_exc(pic);
+  env = pic_make_attr(pic);
+  pic_attr_set(pic, env, var, pic_cons(pic, handler, pic_call(pic, var, 0)));
+  pic->dyn_env = pic_cons(pic, env, pic->dyn_env);
+
+  pic_leave(pic, pic->cxt->ai);
+}
+
+void
+pic_exit_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  struct context *cxt = pic->cxt;
+  pic_value c, it;
+  pic->dyn_env = pic_cdr(pic, pic->dyn_env);
+  pic_for_each (c, cxt->conts, it) {
+    proc_ptr(pic, c)->env->regs[0] = pic_false_value(pic);
+  }
+  pic->cxt = cxt->prev;
+  pic_free(pic, cxt);
+  /* don't rewind ai here */
+}
+
+pic_value
+pic_abort_try(pic_state *pic)
+{
+  struct context *cxt = pic->cxt;
+  pic_value c, it;
+  pic_value err = cxt->sp->regs[1];
+  pic_for_each (c, cxt->conts, it) {
+    proc_ptr(pic, c)->env->regs[0] = pic_false_value(pic);
+  }
+  pic->cxt = cxt->prev;
+  pic_free(pic, cxt);
+  pic_protect(pic, err);
+  return err;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/piclib/error.scm b/piclib/error.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad2b677d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/piclib/error.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+(begin
+
+  (define current-exception-handlers
+    (let ((e error))
+      (make-parameter (list e))))
+
+  (define (raise x)
+    (let ((handlers (current-exception-handlers)))
+      (parameterize ((current-exception-handlers (cdr handlers)))
+        ((car handlers) x)
+        (error "handler returned" x))))
+
+  (define (raise-continuable x)
+    (let ((handlers (current-exception-handlers)))
+      (parameterize ((current-exception-handlers (cdr handlers)))
+        ((car handlers) x))))
+
+  (define (with-exception-handler handler thunk)
+    (let ((handlers (current-exception-handlers)))
+      (parameterize ((current-exception-handlers (cons handler handlers)))
+        (thunk))))
+
+  (define-record-type error-object
+      (make-error-object type message irritants)
+      error-object?
+    (type error-object-type)
+    (message error-object-message)
+    (irritants error-object-irritants))
+
+  (set! error
+        (lambda (message . irritants)
+          (raise (make-error-object #f message irritants))))
+
+  (set! display
+        (let ((d display))
+          (lambda (x . port)
+            (let ((port (if (null? port) (current-error-port) (car port))))
+              (if (error-object? x)
+                  (let ()
+                    (when (error-object-type x)
+                      (d (error-object-type x) port)
+                      (d "-" port))
+                    (d "error: \"" port)
+                    (d (error-object-message x) port)
+                    (d "\"")
+                    (for-each
+                     (lambda (x)
+                       (d " " port)
+                       (write x port))
+                     (error-object-irritants x))
+                    (d "\n" port))
+                  (apply d x port)))))))
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 52dae7ca..62c6ae76 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[], char **envp)
   pic_value e;
   int status;
 
-  pic = pic_open(pic_default_allocf, NULL);
+  pic = pic_open(pic_default_allocf, NULL, pic_default_panicf);
 
   picrin_argc = argc;
   picrin_argv = argv;
diff --git a/tools/mkerror.scm b/tools/mkerror.scm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..782bfcd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mkerror.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+(let ((port (open-input-file "piclib/error.c")))
+  (let loop ()
+    (let ((c (read-u8 port)))
+      (unless (eof-object? c)
+        (write-u8 c)
+        (loop)))))
+
+(for-each
+ display
+ `("\n"
+   "#if PIC_USE_ERROR\n"
+   "static "))
+
+(let loop ()
+  (let ((c (read-u8)))
+    (unless (eof-object? c)
+      (write-u8 c)
+      (loop))))
+
+(for-each
+ display
+ `("#endif\n"
+   "\n"
+   "void\n"
+   "pic_init_error(pic_state *PIC_UNUSED(pic))\n"
+   "{\n"
+   "#if PIC_USE_ERROR\n"
+   "  pic_call(pic, pic_deserialize(pic, pic_blob_value(pic, error_rom, sizeof error_rom)), 0);\n"
+   "#endif\n"
+   "}\n"))